• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2018

Purpose: Platycodon grandiflorum (a domestic diploid variety, DV-PG) has been used as a food and component of various traditional oriental medicines. Although DV-PG is known to have an anti-allergic effect, little is known about the beneficial health effects of the tetraploid 'Etteum' variety in the Platycodon grandiflorum (TV-PG), which is a recently developed variety. In this study, we investigated the effect of TV-PG on the rat basophilic leukemia mast cell (RBL-2H3)-mediated allergic response. Methods: To examine the effects of TV-PG on the allergic response, RBL-2H3 cells were sensitized with dinitropheny (DNP)-immunoglobin E, treated with various concentrations of TV-PG, and challenged with DNP-human serum albumin. We estimated cell granulation by measuring the release of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase and production of inflammatory mediators by ELISA. Results: TV-PG had no effect on the proliferation or cytotoxicity of RBL-2H3 cells within the concentration range of 0 to $200{\mu}g/mL$. TV-PG inhibited degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells by antigen stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. TV-PG also suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as interleukin-4, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, prostagladin E2, and leukotriene B4 in RBL-2H3 cells by antigen stimulation. Conclusion: These results indicate that TV-PG exhibits anti-allergic activity via inhibition of degranulation as well as suppression of inflammatory mediators and cytokine release. These findings suggest that TV-PG may have potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent for the treatment of various allergic diseases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.291-296
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• 2012

Triploids are a useful tool for biomass production and molecular breeding of trees with a long life span. Triploids of the poplar 'Hyunsasi' (Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa) have been developed by crossing between female diploids and a male tetraploid. The tetraploid was developed around the 1970s at Korea Forest Research Institute by colchicine-induced chromosome doubling. Seedlings of the $F_1$ generation were analyzed using flow cytometry to verify their ploidy status. The mean relative fluorescence index of 3 F1 poplars, labeled as Line- 1, Line-17, Line-18, were approximately 1.5 times higher than those of diploid poplars, and the results clearly indicated that they were triploids. The phenotype of the F1 poplars included larger leaves and thicker stem than diploids, and abnormal leaf morphology, especially in the triploid 'Line-18'. Three triploid lines developed roots more slowly and had less roots than diploid. However, 3 poplar cytotypes (2x, Line-1, Line-17) rooted within 10 days on MS medium. In contrast, compared with the 3 cytotypes, the Line-18 showed about 80% and 70% in the rooting rate and the number of roots. The triploid poplars could be directly utilized for biomass production and with their sterility, they could serve as basic material for genetic transformation. In addition, flow cytometric analysis proved to be an effective and reliable method for screening forest trees for their ploidy level.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2006

In general, the proliferation of orchids via somatic embryos has been used for mass production of somatic clones because of high propagation efficiency. In spite of high propagation rate, this method often brings somaclonal variation, especially polyploid frequency. Therefor we here concentrated to investigate the relationship between endopolyploidization patterns of explants and the occurrence of tetraploid variant in clonally proliferated Doritaenopsis via somatic embryo regeneration system. In the fully developed somatic embryo, upper part contained 2C to 16C while middle and lower parts showed 2C to 32C DNA content. Two-week-old embryo contained 2C to 16C, whereas those regenerated after 4 to 10-week-old contained 2C to 64C nuclei. Results showed that endoreduplication was variable depending upon tissue types, ages, and parts in one species. lower part of somatic embryo having high endoreduplication degree increased the regeneration of tetraploid variants by about 3-fold comparing to upper part of somatic embryo culture. polyploid frequency occurrence might be closely related to the high levels of endoreduplication of somatic embryos used as explant. It suggested that the upper part of somatic embryo having comparatively low endoreduplication degree is suitable for the stable in vitro propagation system.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Panax ginseng (Ginseng or Korean ginseng) is one of the most important medicinal herbs in the world. We made a high-quality whole genome sequence of P. ginseng using 'Chunpoong' cultivar, which is the first cultivar registered in Korea Seed and Variety Service (KSVS) with relatively similar genotypes and superior phenotypes, representing approximately 3 Gbp and 60,000 genes. Genome sequence analyses of P. ginseng and related speciesrevealed the origin of Korean ginseng and the ecological adaptation of 18 Panax species around the world. Korean ginseng and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) are tetraploid species having 24 chromosome pairs, while the other 16 species are diploid species with 12 chromosome pairs. Panax and Aralia are the closest genera belonging to the Araliaceae family that diverged approximately 8 million years ago (MYA). All Panax species evolved as shade plants adapting to cool climates and low light conditions under the canopy of deep forests from Southeast Asia such as Vietnam to Northeast Asia such as Russia approximately 6 MYA. However, through recurrent ice ages and global warming, most diploid Panax species disappeared due to the freezing winter, while tetraploid P. ginseng may have appeared by allotetraploidization, which contributed to the adaptation to cold temperaturesin Northeast Asian countries including the Korea peninsula approximately 2 MYA. American ginseng evolved by the adaptation of P. ginseng in Northeast America after the intercontinental migration 1 MYA. Meanwhile, most of diploid Panax species survived in high-altitude mountains over 1,600 meters in Southeast Asia because they could not endure the hot temperature and freezing cold. The genome sequence provides good basisto unveil the origin and evolution of ginseng and also supports practical gene chips which is useful for breeding and the ginseng industry.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2019

Plants release a large variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the surrounding atmosphere. Floral volatile compounds (FVCs) emitted from many plants is the critical factors for pollinator attraction and defense for adaptation in environments. Recent studies indicate that the chemical components contributing to FVCs play an important role in the honeybee attractiveness to flowers. Olfactory signals are rapidly learned, indicating that foraging behavior results from the association of plant chemicals acting as chemosensory cues for the bees. Solid phase microextraction(SPME)-GC/MS method was applied to analyze the chemical composition of FVCs according to the different species of Robinia spp. The abundant compounds identified in R. pseudoacacia were (Z)-β-ocimene (34.86%) and linalool (35.47%). Those of the tetraploid R. pseudoacacia were (Z)-β-ocimene (35.42%) and α-Farnesene (33.94%). The volatiles of R. margarettae 'Pink Cascade' comprised an abundance of (Z)-β-ocimene (42.73%), (E)-4,8-Dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (37.23%). Differences in FVCs of the different species of Robinia spp. are discussed in light of biochemical constraints on volatile chemical synthesis and of the role of flower scent in ecology of pollination.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.443-447
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• 2014

Triploids have several potential advantages over diploids in aquaculture, drawing an elevated commercial reaction into the realistic application of the techniques despite we are still in the early stage of triploid industry for the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. We traced the growth performance of the triploid C. gigas for over a year from hatchery spats, which was created by manipulations of chemicals (Cytochalasin B, CB or 6-Dimethylaminopurine, 6-DMAP). The growth was clearly marked by an initial longer dormancy and following a great magnitude of heterogeneity. The dormancy was almost 9 to 10-month long or even longer and was considered as a downside of the creation. The heterogeneity was magnified by appearance of extraordinarily growing oysters in part during summer season, which could be a representative upside of the triploids. Overall, however, the results were not as positive as were expected. The longer dormancy and following heterogeneity observed in our practice could be marked as an additional negative sign of the chemical use. The present study, thus, might be highly indicative in the introduction of biological cross between tetraploid and diploid to produce natural triploid embryos.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2001

포유동물의 정자형성과정 (spermatogenesis) 은 유사분열과 감수분열이 동시에 일어나는 매우 복잡하지만, 효율적으로 생식세포를 증식, 분화시키는 시스템이다 정상적인 spermatogenesis가 일어나는 testis에서는 haploid (IN), diploid (2N), 그리고 tetraploid(4N)과 같은 핵형을 갖는 세포들이 일정한 비율로 존재한다. DNA flow cytometry(DNA FCM) 는 세포의 핵형(ploidy)을 신속·정확하게 측정하여, 1N, 2N 그리고 4N에 대한 비율을 예측할 수 있어서, 생식세포를 포함한 다양한 유형의 세포주기를 분석하는데 적용되어져 왔다. 세포주기 분석법 중 이와 같은 FCM이외에, flow cytometer와 static image cytometer를 결합시켜 새롭게 고안된 laser scanning cytometer (LSC)가 있다. 그리고, 이제까지 LSC를 사용한 spermatogenesis에 관한 연구에 대해서는 보고된 바가 없다. 본 실험은 설치류에 있어 각기 다른 발달단계에 있는 정상적인 정소세포를 분리하여 PI (propidium iodide) 로 DNA를 염색한 후, DNA함량을 LSC로 분석하였다. 이것을 FCM에 의한 정소세포의 DNA분석과 비교·검토하였으며, 이 방법을 정상적인 spermatogenesis 가 일어나지 않는 동물시스템에 적용시켰다. 생식세포를 소멸시키기 위해 항암제인 busulfan과 비타민 A를 결핍시켜 이것이 세포주기의 어떤 시점에서 어떻게 작용하여, 생식세포를 소멸시키는지 알아보았다. 위의 실험·분석결과로부터 LSC를 사용한 DNA함량과 핵형의 결정은 FCM과 동일한 수준의 정확성을 제시하였다. busulfan 또는 비타민 A의 결손은 살아있는 세포의 80% 이상이 2N의 핵형에 해당하는 G0/G1 기에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 1N:2N 및 4N:2N의 핵형비율의 변화를 가져왔다. 이러한 자극은 생식세포주기제어에 관여하며, 생식세포가 증폭하고 분화로 들어가는 단계를 차단, G0/G1 기에서 정체(arrest)되는 것으로 시사된다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1987

Information is needed on the plant characteristics affects by forage removal and their relationships to grain yield of italian ryegrass in order to combine herbage seed crop management and livestock farming. This study with tetraploid cv. Tetrone was carried out on the experimental field of Haenam Branch Station. treatments included two different seeding time, cutting time and frequency. Seeds were sown in row 50 cm width within the rows. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Fresh and dry matter were increased significantly in plots defoliated lately and many times but seed yield components were decreased significantly in plots defoliated in spring. 2. Autumn defoliation had no significant effect on the seed yield but seed yield were decreased significantly in plots defoliated later than 8 April. 3. Excess vegetative growth can be removed in autumn and early spring without harm to the seed crop and the most important aspect of its removal is the timing of the operation. 4. Seed yield reductions were accompanied by the decrease of inflorescences,seeds/spike, and thousand seeds weight, due to an increase in apex removal of vigorous tillers by late cutting.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.315-318
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• 1998

This study was conducted to clarify the acclimatization rate and ploidy level of anther culture-derived plants in broccoli. The acclimatization rate from 71.4 to 100% was obtained from 7 varieties in 2 years. It was possible to identify the ploidy of the Plants obtained through anther culture by measuring the number of chloroplast in the guard cell. The average numbers of chloroplasts per guard cell in haploid diploid, and tetraploid were 8.5, 13.5 and 18.5, respectively. The regenerated plants could be classified based on these results into 47.1-51.3% of haploids, 47.9∼51.7%, diploid, and 0.8∼l.2% of tetraploids.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.142-146
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• 2017

In Korea, kiwifruit is grown within a limited region on the southern coast where the climate is warm. Since the yellow - fleshed kiwifruit variety, 'Hort16A', first became commercially available, we have focused on breeding additional yellow - fleshed kiwifruits. Here, we describe the cultivar 'Goldone', which originated from 'Red Princess' and is characterized by red coloration around the fruit core. Conventional field crosses were performed in 2003, and permission for final release of 'Goldone' was obtained in 2011. This cultivar is very productive, with an average fruit weight of 129 g, which is 39% heavier than that of the cultivar 'Hayward'. 'Goldone' is harvested in late October, approximately 165 - 170 days after anthesis. In general, 'Goldone' has approximately eight flowers per fruiting shoot; these flowers must be thinned before blooming for commercial production. 'Goldone' was registered at the Korean Seed & Variety Service in 2014 for plant variety protection rights (grant no. 4835).