• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.720-727
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• 2017

Antioxidants are known to affect the feeding habits of termites and a good source is pine bark which contains high levels of antioxidants which can be extracted with neutral solvents. In this study procyanidins (PCs)-rich MeOH-extract and a hot-water extract (HWE) were prepared from Pinus radiata bark. HWE was further separated into crude PCs (CPCs), polymeric PCs (PPCs), and low-molecular-weight PCs (LMWPCs) fractions. The MeOH extract and these fractions were examined for termite (Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar) antifeedant activities using a no-choice test. Catechin was used as a positive control. The LMWPCs was found to be the most effective deterrent to termite feeding. The comparative efficiency of the compounds tested were LMWPCs > PPCs > CPCs > MeOH extract, with the latter being more dependent on molecular weight than on its antioxidant activity.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1994.07b
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• pp.1643-1645
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• 1994

It has been reported frequently that damage to underground electric power cable was brought about, due to attack by Insect such as termite (white-ant) and by rodent such as rat, in tropical and semitropical areas. Among these cable damages, we are likely to describe the damage to cable by termites as causing the severe trouble in cable operation and to solve this trouble with termite-proof method regarded as the most effective and economical one. This report covers our experiences of manufacturing the cable for anti-termite purpose and its intrinsic properties in cable operation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.745-754
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• 2020

The dye marker Sudan Red 7B was tested as an effective and appropriate marking method for searching the territory of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus, in Korea. The sensitivity of termites to the dye marker was evaluated by measuring the feed consumption amount, survival rate, retention time, and transfer efficiency of R. speratus according to the concentration and feeding period of Sudan Red 7B. As the concentration conditions of dye marker increase, Sudan Red 7B remarkably reduced the feed consumption of the termites. The survival rate was not significantly different from that of the control group (more than 90%), except when feed containing 1% or 2% concentrations of the dye marker was given for five days. The duration of the marking effect persisted for seven days, even at a concentration of 2% dye marker in the feed. No dye transfer by trophallaxis occurred between termites marked with Sudan Red 7B and unmarked termites.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2010

This study was to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose using the cellulase from whole body of the native termite collected in Milyang-si, Kyungsangnamdo, Korea. In the results, optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme of native termites were $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5 for both endo-${\beta}$-1, 4-glucanase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase. Enzyme activity of the termite enzyme was shown $8.8{\times}10^{-2}\;FPU/m{\ell}$. And the highest glucose hydrolysis rate of cellulose by the digestive enzyme from test termites was 24.5% based on the glucan, comparing 59.7% by commercial enzyme (only celluclast 1.5 L) at 1% (w/v) substrate and 36 hours in hydrolysis time. This hydrolysis rate by the digestive enzyme from test termites was comparatively high value in 41% level of the commercial enzyme. When cellulose was hydrolyzed by the digestive enzyme of the native termite, glucose hydrolysis was almost completed in 12 hours which was the considerably reduced time for cellulose hydrolysis. It was suggested that the quiet short reaction time for cellulose hydrolysis by the enzyme from native termite could be a very high advantage for development of hydrolysis cellulase for lignocellulosic biomass.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.327-348
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• 2004

In this study, after analyzing several local climate characteristics of South Korea, I validated distribution, invasion, foraging, underground activities, attack season as ecological characteristics and also temperature, relative humidity, and tree species as preference characteristics of Korean termites (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto). Especially, southern part of the Korean peninsula is a suitable area for inhabitation and motion of termites holding same ecological characteristic like R. speratus kyushuensis. Busan is a neighboring district at field distribution north limiting temperature of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Chuncheon is a passing area through the Korean Peninsula of field distribution north limiting temperature of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe. The termite attack of wood devices was about 34.5% for 3 years in the forest of Jongmyo. Although the attack rate of termite increased each year, the detection rate decreased and the missing rate was high by degrees. I confirmed a foraging habits which is a part of termite colony was a role of continuous decomposition and another was a role of new food hunt as experimental results. The foraging termites were found under ground at Jongmyo in Seoul from April to November in the 2001 and the most active period was on July and August. The termite invasion rate of bait station increased in every monitoring. Through the increasing attack rate of bait station during 2nd monitoring (November, 2000) and 3rd monitoring(March, 2001), I confirmed that termites moved into the deep underground in winter, and were working continuously to forage. R. speratus kyushuensis inhabiting at the Korean Peninsula is a species which has food consumption rate with higher temperature. The termite revealed the greatest amount of food(filter paper) at $30^{\circ}C$(90% RH), but showed increasing death rate at over $32^{\circ}C$. Also, survival rate of this termite was 97% at 84% RH($30^{\circ}C$), but killed 100% at 52% RH($30^{\circ}C$) and 70% RH($30^{\circ}C$). For wood feeding, this was observed the preference in a pine tree(Pinus densiflora) above all others. Survival of termites was high(87%) at a pine tree, but low(13.5%) at a paulownia tree(Paulownia coreana). In this study, I presented the biological characteristic of termite(R. speratus kyushuensis Morimoto) and confirmed the deterioration degree of termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea. Depending on climate and soil temperature, each area in the southern part of the Korea Peninsula, has some different active period and different distribution of R. speratus kyushensis. With these results, I expect that this report helps to prepare the integrated pest management(IPM) of the termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea, and it may help to reduce the economical loss from termite damage in Korea.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.641-651
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• 2019

This study investigates three buildings arranged alongside at the same level, namely, the Josadang, the Buljojeon, and the Palsangjeon. Their backside is blocked by an embankment with an environmental condition unsuitable for wooden buildings. The pillar behind the Josadang had termite damage for which termite damage and environmental investigations had been conducted for the past four years. The termite damage was monitored four times using the termite detection dogs, and the environmental factors were surveyed 27 times, except during the winter season. As a result, the locations of the columns with a high frequency of responses from the termite detection dogs were found and damage was confirmed. According to the surface moisture content investigations, the surface moisture content was highest in the Josadang and lowest in the Buljojeon. After a statistical analysis, the mean, the median, and the mode values were compared. The difference between the mean and the median was found to be less, however, the mode varied significantly. The mode values of the Josadang and the Palsangjeon were 14.5% and 10.8%, respectively, higher than the 6.1% mode value of the Buljojeon. It was concluded that the temperature and the water content affected the termite damage, which increases if the temperature and the water content remain constant owing to the environmental factors.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2019

In Korea, various methods are applied to prevent wooden structures from being damaged by termites. However, since there is no way to quickly bring toxic substances in contact with the termites inside the timber, it leads to the damage of wooden cultural property due to the prolonged period of controlling the termites. Accordingly, an indoor evaluation criteria study was conducted for the introduction of powder-type termiticides in Korea, which produced rapid control effects by drilling wood and directly contacting and transferring toxic substances inside the timber. First, contact toxicity and transfer ability of termite dusts were evaluated to establish the criteria for evaluation of effectiveness against Reticulitermes speratus. The contact toxicity confirmed 100% mortality of fipronil, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin termite dusts within 24 h of contact; however, differences occurred in the active ingredient transfer time to the sublethal. In addition, in the case of transfer ability evaluation, the rate of mortality gradually decreased under 1:9 and 1:25 ratio conditions; however, the difference in the reduction rate was identified depending on the type of termite dust. the results of the evaluation of compressive strength of the wood showed that the difference in the measured values between the control group and the conditions of perforation 1 to 3 times, which does not significantly affect the compressive strength of wood. In this study, the criteria of termite dust selection and evaluation method of dust-type termiticides were presented and the applicability of the method was identified.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.262-275
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• 2024

In Indonesia, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren and Cryptotermes cyanocephalus Light termite attacks can damage wood and causing losses of 8.7 trillion rupiah per year. Wood treatment and soil barrier are very important to protect structures and their components from termite infestation. The application of synthetic chemicals that pose risks to the environment and human health. The growing movement to replace these chemicals with new termiticides that are safe for the environment in place of persistent organic pollutants. Efficacy performance in entomopathogenic fungi spores such as that produce decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, and octadecadienoic acid are potential compounds that provide for ecofriendly termite control. Entomopathogenic fungal spores from Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma harzianum, and Beauveria bassiana, as the active ingredient were formulated with nanocellulose was added as an inert ingredient to which helped to deliver the active ingredients on controlling the target pest, and enhance the utility ability of the product fungi to control termites. The mortality of these termites successively entomopathogenic fungi was the main cause of death. The higher concentrations being associated with of nanocellulose used affect increased the number of termites mortality. M. anisopliae paired with 60% nanocellulose concentrate was the best percentage for yielded the greatest C. curvignathus and C. cynocephalus termite control. In the field testing, M. anisopliae provided better, it showed the finest result of termite control rather than B. bassiana and T. harzianum. The results of the research indicate that entomopathogenic fungi can be used for Pest Control Management as the subterranean termite and drywood termite control.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2017

Yellow-hearted pine (YHP; Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki) is one of the Red pine species and has extremely narrow growth ring and high ratio of heartwood growing in Korea. It has been used for valuable wooden constructions as palace and temple for royal family since the Joseon Dynasty period. However, scientific information on the wood properties of YHP is still very lacking. This study was carried out to investigate natural durability of YHP to fungi and termites attack. Examination of anti-fungal and anti-termite properties of YHP was performed at indoor condition using brown-rot fungi (Fomitopsis palustris), white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor), and termite (Reticulitermes speratus). The results showed that weight loss of the heartwood in YHP after fungi and termite test was much lower than those of the sapwood in YHP. Furthermore, the highest mortality of termite was obtained from the heartwood of YHP. Consequently, it is clearly revealed that the heartwood of YHP has excellent durability against brown- and white-rot fungi and termite.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.60-72
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• 2022

A number of wooden built heritage remain in Korea, and most have been damaged by various biological factors including termite. Owing to the irreversible damage caused by termites, wooden built heritage are losing their authenticity and structural stability. In this study, Area-Wide Integrated Termite Management(AW-ITM) was proposed to prevent termite damage. First, to understand the locational characteristics of these sites, the distance from adjacent forests and surrounding forest areas was analyzed for 182 national designated wooden built heritage(national treasures, treasures) using the Geographic Information System(GIS). By analyzing existing pest control projects(2003-2020) and the components of the ITM, the characteristics of termite control for cultural heritages were determined. Based on these results, the cultural heritage sites and their surrounding spaces were divided into three areas, and the types of cultural properties were divided into six types according to the location and number of buildings. Along with this, termite control measures were proposed for each area and type. The concept of AW-ITM has been partially applied to the "Comprehensive Control of Termites in wooden built heritages Sites" by the Cultural Heritage Administration. Caution must be taken with regard to the establishment of a cultural heritage management policy; AW-ITM should be applied on a trial basis with the results then being carefully analyzed and reflected in the establishment of policies pertaining to the conservation management of cultural heritage.