• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.8 s.185
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• pp.54-63
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• 2006

Enhancement methods of sensitivity to in-plane strain measurement by micro-ESPI(Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) technique were proposed using TiN and Au thin films. Micro-tensile strain over the micro-tensile specimens, prepared in micro-scale by those films, was measured by micro-tensile loading system and micro-ESPI system developed in this study. The subsequent measurement of in-plane tensile strain in the micro-sized specimens was introduced using the micro-ESPI technique, and the micro-tensile stress-strain curves for these films were determined. To enhance the sensitivity to measurement of in-plane tensile strain, algorithms of the phase estimation by using curve fitting of inter-fringe and the discrete Fourier Transform with object-induced dynamic phase shifting were developed. Using these two algorithms, the micro-tensile strain-stress curves were generated. It is shown that the algorithms for enhancement of the sensitivity suggested in this study make the sensitivity to measurement of the in-plane tensile strain increase.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-59
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• 2009

The current study assessed the effect of a bolt hole on tensile fatigue properties of CFRP laminates. Two specimens, i.e. $[(0/90)_3]S$, $[(0/45/90/-45)_2]_S$, were analyzed using a finite element method and were experimentally tested for cases, both with and without a hole, whose diameter corresponded to 0.12 times the specimen width. Delamination positions predicted by a 3-dimensional static finite element analysis were matched well to those observed by an ultrasonic imaging system in the middle of fatigue test. A hole whose diameter corresponds to 0.12 times the specimen width caused the fatigue strength to decrease by 9% and 11% under 5 Hz loading frequency, and by 22% and 25% under 10 Hz loading frequency for $[(0/90)_3]_S$ and $[(0/45/90/-45)_2]_S$, respectively. Because the decrease in sectional area due to the hole was normalized in calculation of the tensile strength, a stress concentration around the hole is believed to induce the strength degradation of fatigue specimens. From the finite element analyses, the stress concentration factor around a hole was expected as 8.8 and 9.5 for $[(0/90)_3]_S$ and $[(0/45/90/-45)_2]_S$, respectively.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2010

A commercially available soft PZT wafer that is poled in thickness direction is subjected to longitudinal tensile stress loading in both short and open-circuit conditions. Variations of electric displacement in thickness direction and in-plane strains are measured over time during the loading. Different material responses in the two electrical boundary conditions are explained by the effects of piezoelectrically produced internal electric field on linear material moduli and domain switching mechanisms. Finally, a free energy model of normal distribution is introduced to explain the observed creep behavior, and its predictions are compared with experimental observations.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2005

This paper compares of mechanical tensile properties of 6 kinds of copper foil. The beam lead made with copper foil. Different from other package type such as plastic package, Chip Size Package has a reliability problem in beam lead rather than solder joint in board level. A new tensile loading system was developed using voice-coil actuator. The new tensile loading system has a load cell with maximum capacity of 20 N and a non-contact position measuring system based on the principle of capacitance micrometry with 0.1nm resolution for displacement measurement. Strain was calculated from the measured displacement using FE analysis. The comparison of mechanical properties helps designer of package to choose copper for ensuring reliability of beam lead in early stage of semiconductor development.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.740-745
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• 2015

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) composite films filled with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCN) were prepared in this study. In order to investigate mechanical and thermal properties of HPC/TOCN composite films, tensile strength and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) wer performed. As the loading level of TOCN increased, the tensile strength and modulus increased significantly. However, thermal stability of HPC/TOCN composite films was not related to the loading levels of the TOCN.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.259-267
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• 2016

Most manufacturing processes, including welding, create residual stresses. Residual stresses can reduce material strength and cause fractures. For estimating the reliability and aging of a welded structure, residual stresses should be evaluated as precisely as possible. Optical techniques such as holographic interferometry, electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), Moire interferometry, and shearography are noncontact means of measuring residual stresses. Among optical techniques, ESPI is typically used as a nondestructive measurement technique of in-plane displacement, such as stress and strain, and out-of-plane displacement, such as vibration and bending. In this study, ESPI was used to measure the residual stress on the welded part of butt-welded American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A36 specimens with $CO_2$ welding. Four types of specimens, base metal specimen (BSP), tensile specimen including welded part (TSP), compression specimen including welded part (CSP), and annealed tensile specimen including welded part (ATSP), were tested. BSP was used to obtain the elastic modulus of a base metal. TSP and CSP were used to compare residual stresses under tensile and compressive loading conditions. ATSP was used to confirm the effect of heat treatment. Residual stresses on the welded parts of specimens were obtained from the phase map images obtained by ESPI. The results confirmed that residual stresses of welded parts can be measured by ESPI.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2021

Hollow structural section (HSS) columns have been increasingly popular due to their structural and architectural merits. However, practical difficulty lies in developing proper connections. The through-diaphragm connections are considered as suitable connection type that is widely adopted in Asian countries. However, the stress concentration occurs at the location connecting through-diaphragm and steel beam. Furthermore, the actual load path from the beam flange is not uniformly transferred to the HSS column as conventionally assumed. In this paper, tensile tests were further conducted on three additional specimens with beam flange plate to evaluate the load versus displacement response. The load-displacement curves, yield and ultimate capacity, ductility ratio were obtained. Furthermore, the strain development at different loading levels was discussed comprehensively. It is shown that the studied connection configuration significantly reduces the stress concentration. Meanwhile, simplified trilinear load-displacement analytical model for specimen under tensile load was presented. Good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.627-643
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• 2022

Water-rock interactions have a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of rocks. In this study, uniaxial compression and tension tests on different water-treated sandstone samples were conducted. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and micro-pore structure detection were carried out. Water-rock interactions and their effects on rock mechanical behavior were discussed. The results indicate that water content significantly weakens rock mechanical strength. The sensitivity of the mechanical parameters to water treatment, from high to low, are Poisson ratio (𝜇), uniaxial tensile strength (UTS), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus (E), and peak strain (𝜀). After water treatment, AE activities and the shear crack percentage are reduced, the angles between macro fractures and loading direction are minimized, the dynamic phenomenon during loading is weakened, and the failure mode changes from a mixed tensile-shear type to a tensile one. Due to the softening, lubrication, and water wedge effects in water-rock interactions, water content increases pore size, promotes crack development, and weakens micro-pore structures. Further damage of rocks in fractured and caved zones due to the water-rock interactions leads to an extra load on the adjoining coal and rock masses, which will increase the risk of dynamic disasters.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 1983

In this study, it was investigated the distribution of residual stress in the direction of loading between the root and toe the load fillet welds for thick steel plate. Residual stress distributions are measured by sectioning method which is one of stress-relaxation technique in welded joint, and analyzed by two dimensional finite element method on thermo-elasto-plastic theory under plane stress condition. These are compared the results of F.E.M analysis with the experimental result by stress-relaxation techniques. As a results, the following conclusion were obtained. (1) In the no penetration fillet welded joint specimen using mild steel plate with 25mm in thickness, the residual stress of loading direction near the root was about $10kg/mm^2$ tensile. (2) The tensile residual stress has been observed in fillet region of the fillet joint by F.E.M. analysis method. (3) The range of compressive residual stress distribution from the root was largest in the case of 5mm root penetration.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2005

In this paper, the author proposes a fatigue damage parameter of spot welded joints under proportional loading. The proposed fatigue damage parameter is developed based on von Mises' equivalent stress and local structural stress at the edge of spot weld nugget. The structural stress at the edges of the weld nugget in each sheet is calculated using the forces and moments that are determined by finite element analysis. A structural equivalent stress is then calculated by von Mises' equivalent stress equation. The structural equivalent stresses are correlated to experimental fatigue life of the spot welded joints. The proposed parameter is evaluated with fatigue test data of spot welds subjected to multi axial and tensile-shear loads. Sheppard's parameter and Rupp and co-workers' parameter are also evaluated with the same test data to compare with the author's parameter. This proposed parameter presents a better correlation with experimental fatigue data than those of Sheppard's and Rupp and co-workers' parameter. The proposed parameter should be very effective for durability calculations during the early design phase since coarsely meshed finite element models can be employed.