• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.759-765
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• 2005

In this paper, developed isolator for gap filler is analyzed and designed using the simulation tool. Using the designed parameters, isolator is fabricated and tested in gap filler band. Temperature characteristics of isolator depend on magnet, YIG ferrite, and conductor etc. These require temperature stability and possible method of compensation for the temperature dependent effects. The temperature stabilization tries to use Ni-alloy. Developed isolator that compare with room temperature and high temperature characteristics has change fewer than 20 MHz. Implemented isolator shows more than 20 dB isolation characteristic at center frequency(2,650 MHz) and has 0.2 dB insertion loss in overall 100 MHz operating bandwidth. Return losses of input and output port are measured below -20 dB.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.2061-2078
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• 2006

The main purpose of this paper is to establish the high temperature structural integrity evaluating procedures for the next generation reactors, which are to be operated at over 500$^{\circ}C$ and for 60 years. To do this, comparison studies of the high temperature structural design codes and assessment procedures such as the ASME-NH (USA), RCC-MR (France), DDS (Japan), and R5 (UK) are carried out in view of the accumulated inelastic strain and the creep-fatigue damage evaluations. Also the application procedures of the ASME-NH rules with the actual thermal and structural analysis results are described in detail. To overcome the complexity and the engineering costs arising from a real application of the ASME-NH rules by hand, all the procedures established in this study such as the time-dependent primary stress limits, total accumulated creep ratcheting strain limits, and the creep-fatigue damage limits are computerized and implemented into the SIE ASME-NH program. Using this program, the selected high temperature structures subjected to two cycle types are evaluated and the parametric studies for the effects of the time step size, primary load, number of cycles, normal temperature for the creep damage evaluations and the effects of the load history on the creep ratcheting strain calculations are investigated.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.747-755
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenosides accumulation responses to temperature are critical to quality formation in cold-dependent American ginseng. However, the studies on cold requirement mechanism relevant to ginsenosides have been limited in this species. Methods: Two experiments were carried out: one was a multivariate linear regression analysis between the ginsenosides accumulation and the environmental conditions of American ginseng from different sites of China and the other was a synchronous determination of ginsenosides accumulation, overall DNA methylation, and relative gene expression in different tissues during different developmental stages of American ginseng after experiencing different cold exposure duration treatments. Results: Results showed that the variation of the contents as well as the yields of total and individual ginsenosides Rg1, Re, and Rb1 in the roots were closely associated with environmental temperature conditions which implied that the cold environment plays a decisive role in the ginsenoside accumulation of American ginseng. Further results showed that there is a cyclically reversible dynamism between methylation and demethylation of DNA in the perennial American ginseng in response to temperature seasonality. And sufficient cold exposure duration in winter caused sufficient DNA demethylation in tender leaves in early spring and then accompanied the high expression of flowering gene PqFT in flowering stages and ginsenosides biosynthesis gene PqDDS in green berry stages successively, and finally, maximum ginsenosides accumulation occurred in the roots of American ginseng. Conclusion: We, therefore, hypothesized that cold-induced DNA methylation changes might regulate relative gene expression involving both plant development and plant secondary metabolites in such cold-dependent perennial plant species.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 1996

가루깍지벌레 월동안 부화시기 예찰모형을 수립하기 위하여 월동알에 대한 온도발육 실험이 수행된다. 5개온도(10, 15, 20, 25, 27$^{\circ}C$)와 채집시기별로 월동알 부화기간을조사하여 비교분석하였다. Wagner 등 (1984a)의 비선형발육모형이 온도별 평균발육률에 대하여 적용되었으며 ($R^2$=0.9729). 발육영점온도는 15~$25^{\circ}C$ 영역에서 얻은 직선회귀식에 의하여 $11.9^{\circ}C$로 추정되었으며, 발육완료를 위해서는 154.14일도가 필요하였다. 적산온도 모형과 발육률전산(Wagner 등 1985) 모형이 부화시기 예측에 이용된다. 적산온도 모형은 평균온도에서 발육영점온도 이상의 온도를 적산하는 방법(Mean-minus-base 추정법), Sine wave 추정법(Allen 1976), 그리고 Rectangle 추정법(Arnold 1960)을 잉요하여 계산하였다. 50% 부화예측일을 실측일과 비교한 결과 적산온도를 이용하는 경우 Mean-minus-base 추정법은 18~28일, Sine wave 추정법은 11~14일, 그리고 Rectangle 추정법은 3~5일의 편차를 보였고, 발육률 적산모형은 2~3일의 편차가 있었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2017

The effect of temperature on the rate of systemic infection of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Chu-Baek) by Potato virus Y (PVY) was studied in growth chambers. Systemic infection of PVY was observed only within the temperature range of $16^{\circ}C$ to $32^{\circ}C$. Within this temperature range, the time required for a plant to become infected systemically decreased from 14 days at $20^{\circ}C$ to 5.7 days at $28^{\circ}C$. The estimated lower thermal threshold was $15.6^{\circ}C$ and the thermal constant was 65.6 degree days. A systemic infection model was constructed based on experimental data, using the infection rate (Lactin-2 model) and the infection distribution (three-parameter Weibull function) models, which accurately described the completion rate curves to systemic infection and the cumulative distributions obtained in the PVY-potato system, respectively. Therefore, this model was useful to predict the progress of systemic infections by PVY in potato plants, and to construct the epidemic models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1050-1056
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• 2014

This study investigated the main factors influencing digester temperature and methods to reduce heat losses during the cold season in the subtropics. Four composite digesters (two insulated and two uninsulated) were buried underground to measure their internal temperature ($^{\circ}C$) at a depth of 140 cm and 180 cm, biogas production and methane ($CH_4$) concentration in biogas from August to February. In parallel the temperature of the air (100 cm above ground), in the slurry mixing tank and in the soil (10, 100, 140, and 180 cm depth) was measured by thermocouple. The influent amount was measured daily and the influent chemical composition was measured monthly during the whole experimental period. Seasonal variations in air temperature significantly affected the temperature in the soil, mixing tank and digester. Consequently, biogas production, which is temperature dependent, was influenced by the season. The main factors determining the internal temperature in the digesters were insulation with Styrofoam, air temperature and temperature of slurry in the mixing tank. Biogas production is low due to the cold climate conditions in winter in Northern Vietnam, but the study proved that storing slurry in the mixing tank until its temperature peak at around 14:00 h will increase the temperature in the digester and thus increase potential biogas production. Algorithms are provided linking digester temperature to the temperature of slurry in the mixing tank.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2009

찰가자미 Microstomus achne의 어미로부터 수정란을 받아 수온이 난 발생에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 찰가자미의 난발생 속도와 부화율에 미치는 수온의 영향을 조사한 결과, 난발생이 개시되는 생물학적 영도는 평균 $0.4^{\circ}C$였다. 수정에서 부화에 이르기까지 평균 소요시간은 $9\sim21^{\circ}C$에서 86.5~296.67시간이 소요되었으며, 수온이 높을수록 각 발생단계에 이르는 시간이 짧아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 부화율은 $12\sim18^{\circ}C$에서 95.8~97.0%였으며, $9^{\circ}C$와 $21^{\circ}C$에서는 각각 86.9%, 9.3%가 부화되었다. 한편, $24^{\circ}C$에서는 24시간 이전에 모두 사망하였다. 기형어의 발생율은 $21^{\circ}C$에서 88.3%, $9^{\circ}C$에서는 2.1%였으며(P<0.05), $12\sim18^{\circ}C$에서는 0.4~0.8%였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.3379-3397
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• 2021

In this study, a multi-physics modeling method was developed to analyze a nuclear fuel rod's thermo-mechanical behavior especially for high temperature anisotropic creep deformation during ballooning and burst occurring in Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). Based on transient heat transfer and nonlinear mechanical analysis, the present work newly incorporated the nuclear fuel rod's special characteristics which include gap heat transfer, temperature and burnup dependent material properties, and especially for high temperature creep with material anisotropy. The proposed method was tested through various benchmark analyses and showed good agreements with analytical solutions. From the validation study with a cladding burst experiment which postulates the LOCA scenario, it was shown that the present development could predict the ballooning and burst behaviors accurately and showed the capability to predict anisotropic creep behavior during the LOCA. Moreover, in order to verify the anisotropic creep methodology proposed in this study, the comparison between modeling and experiment was made with isotropic material assumption. It was found that the present methodology with anisotropic creep could predict ballooning and burst more accurately and showed more realistic behavior of the cladding.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2024

Despite the important role of manganese (Mn) in cobalt-free, Ni-rich cathode materials, existing reports on the effects of Mn as a substitute for cobalt are not consistent. In this work, we analyzed the performance of cathodes comprised of Li(Ni_1-xMn_x)O₂ (LNMO). Both beneficial and detrimental results occurred as a result of the Mn substitution. We found that a complex interplay of effects (Li/Ni mixing driven by magnetic frustration, grain growth suppression, and retarded lithium insertion/extraction kinetics) influenced the performance and was intimately related to calcination temperature. This indicates the importance of establishing an optimal reaction temperature for the development of high-performance LNMO.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.857-863
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• 2014

전자기파와 플라즈마의 상호 작용을 결정하는 주요 변수는 플라즈마 주파수와 충돌 주파수이며, 이 둘은 각각 전자 밀도와 전자 온도로부터 계산할 수 있다. 이 두 값은 플라즈마 발생기 종류에 따라 결정되는 시간 의존적인 변수이다. 기존의 전파 흡수 특성 연구에서는 수치 해석적 모형의 부재로 인하여 플라즈마의 시간적/공간적 변화를 간략화하거나, 상수로 가정하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 플라즈마 유체 모델을 도입하여 얻어진 시간 의존적 변수 값을 전자기파감쇠량 계산에 이용함으로써 해석의 정확도를 높이는 방식을 제안하였다. 해석 대상인 유전체 장벽 방전 플라즈마는 구조적인 단순함으로 인하여 1차원 분석만으로 플라즈마 분포의 시간적 변화를 반영할 수 있다. 본 논문은 한 주기 내에서 전자 밀도와 전자 온도를 추출하여 마이크로파 입사 시 시간적 흡수 특성 변화를 분석하였다. 또한, 전자 밀도와 전자 온도의 변화에 따라 감쇠량을 계산하여 감쇠 경향성을 분석하였다.