• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.9-19
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• 2007

Nineteen Medicaments of Mutual Antagonism currently belong to pharmaceutical incompatibility and some of them cannot be used in a same prescription: if they are used in a prescription, the treatment effect is rather reduced or toxic response may be produced. Therefore. inthisstudy, it was intended to look about how Nineteen Medicaments of Mutual Antagonism were defined through survey of literatures and to review the meaning and clinical potential. According to "Sinnongbonchogyeong," "Medicaments contain the substance that suppress toxins and the toxins may be removed with use of mutual restraint or mutual detoxication substances" and they have been used in terms of this concept. Since Tang and Song era, mutual restraint and mutual inhibition were confused and were difficult to be distinguished. In terms of pharmaceutical incompatibility, the original meaning of mutual restraint was deteriorated in "Sinnongbonchogyeong". That is. mutual restraint has been used as the concept of mutual inhibition or incompatibility. When various literatures were reviewed. it could be found that Nineteen Medicaments of Mutual Antagonism were firstly included in the phrases of songs and then in "seven emotion." It could be supposed that Nineteen Medicaments of Mutual Antagonism was created based on the clinical experiences of the author and the influence of doctors. Such supposition means indicates that the interactions among medicaments could effectively be applied and mutual restraint did not belong to pharmaceutical incompatibility. However. many doctors used mutual restraint and mutual inhibition in clinical practice with no distinguishment since Song era and. especially, it is supposed that. when medicaments were used with mixing. the pharmaceutical incompatibility of "Nineteen Medicaments of Mutual Antagonism" or "Eighteen Incompatible Medicaments" were emphasized and influenced on the efficacy of pharmaceutical preparations or acted as an obstacle in treating diseases. That is. an error was transferred: mutual restraint and mutual inhibition were not distinguished and were discretionally added or deleted through common people or professionals with no specific verification. The pharmaceutical preparations that belong to Nineteen Medicaments of Mutual Antagonism belong to pharmaceutical incompatibility but. when reviewed various literatures and clinical reports. they are not thought to be the ones that can never be used. Therefore. systematic literature review and experimental research should be performed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.160-166
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• 2016

Crew fatigue has been recognized as a major cause of maritime accidents. Systematic study on crew fatigue has a direct impact on the human factor, but the various measures being taken to prevent human error account for most of the causes of marine accidents situation are still insufficient. In this study, 128 people who have a variety of career and job types boarded the T/S Hanbada were analyzed the changes of fatigue during the 87-days a Maritime Silk Road Sailing Expedition. Crew fatigue was measured by period of time onboard classified as mental, physiological and physical changes through survey responses and individual interviews of nurses. Also, it was identified the fatigue factor through quantitative statistical analysis. As a result of repeated measures analysis of variance for the changes of fatigue in position and gender criteria in accordance with boarded period, the position-specific analysis was that Professor Rating group has appeared to feel more mental and physical fatigue than the student population. Also, the results of fatigability about the sex-specific analysis have been found that women feel more physical fatigue than men.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.668-680
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the characteristics, the mapping understanding, the mapping errors, and the perceptions of student-generated analogies on the separation of mixtures using the sizes of particles by elementary school students' approaches to learning. Fourth graders (N=92) were selected and administered with the tests on the approaches to learning, self-generating analogies, and perception of self-generating analogies. The results revealed that the meaningful learners made more analogies, especially structural/functional, enriched, and higher systematic ones than the rote learners. However, there were little difference in students' approaches to learning in the subcategories of representation (verbal, pictorial, and verbal/pictorial), artificiality (artificial and everyday), and abstraction (abstract and concrete). The meaningful learners had deeper understanding of the analogy and fewer mapping errors than the rote learners. In addition, the numbers of the shared attributes included in student-generated analogies and the scores of the mapping understanding of the meaningful learners were significantly higher than those of the rote learners. Many students, regardless of students' approaches to learning, had positive perceptions of the self-generating analogies in various cognitive and motivational aspects. However, they also point out the various difficulties in the self-generating analogies as their disadvantages. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.285-291
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• 2015

FTMS, TCS, ITS equipment such as high-pass highway are just a situation that does not lack traceability and passive surveillance is related to fault DB has so far consisted of an integrated operations management to maximize utilization of the facility. In addition, there is no replacement parts are replaced when a failure occurs, increasing the number of parts and repair time I have trouble growing, and becoming a service interruption whenever you replace each time. In this study, proactively manage the failure history of a highway facility ITS tries to preventive maintenance. Therefore, the error history is based on the reliability of the high-pass facilities theory to calculate the reliability of the system through a systematic statistical analysis Operational Availability. The fault number and the time the replacement period through the estimate decreases and can reduce the budget expenses by securing the spare parts quantity, establish a management plan in part by improving the quality of the system through constant preventive maintenance, quality of service at all times It may direct the non-stop operation state of the available state.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2014

Phylogenetic positions of Sedirea and Neofinetia were addressed using the chloroplast matK and the nuclear ITS sequences. We also evaluate the usefulness of the makers for the identification of species and localities. Sedirea and Neofinetia form an independent monophyletic genus, respectively, in both matK and nuclear ITS trees. The sister genus of the Neofinetia was Vanda in both trees. In addition, our trees support the separate recognition of the Neofinetia from Vanda rather than the inclusion of Neofinetia into Vanda. The sister group of the Sedirea was (Dimorphorchis(Pteroceras(Saccolabiun+Phalaeonopsis))) clade. The Dimorphorchis was one of the most probable sister genus to the Sedirea. The sister group relationship between Sedirea and Aerides was suggested by their similar morphology, but not supported in molecular trees. The identification of species and localities of Neofinetia was possible using our two molecular markers. However, several pseudo-gene sequences are discovered from the public data base. In addition, the horizontal gene transfer of chloroplast genomes is frequent events in orchid hybrids. Therefore, we need a careful evaluation for the data prior to systematic use. Generation of sequence data from multiple accessions of a species may helpful to reduce these types of error.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.221-231
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• 2001

This study was conducted by analyzing all 33 articles based on the LISREL, published from January 1991 to March 1999 in Korea. The analyses consisted of the publication date of articles, principal dependent variables, subjects of the research, adequacy of sampling, adequacy of research purposes and results, accordance between theoretical model and hypothetical model, fit measures, theoretical base of model modification, and adequacy of conclusion. The results were as follows : . The thesis of 33 articles in total were outnumbered as 25 (75.8%) to 8 (24.2%) research articles. As for a sex classification of the subjects, 45.5% of the research were conducted around a female group of subjects, while 54.5% were done for both sex, The range of the sample size was 105 to 803, and the average was 259 subjects. . A single theoretical variable was measured for each measurement variable, any difference between variables was hardly found in 8 articles (24.2%), and 19 articles (57.6%) did not consider any measurement error. To analyze if the representative has been articles (21.2%) were seen with a sign of a representative. Questionnaires were used in a majority (31 articles) of the data collecting process. Only 2 articles (6.1%) were measured with a physiologic index simultaneously. . 14 articles (42.2%) were centered on theory development, 10 articles on theory synthesis, and 9 articles on theory test. The research purposes and results were consistent in 25 articles (75.5%) and 8 articles (24.2%) were inconsistent. The quality of life and health promotion behavior were the concepts most frequently studied as a dependent variable, and 7 articles centered on them. In applied theories a health promotion model was used on 4 articles (12.1%), while role theory and stress-coping models were in 3 articles respectively. . The articles were analyzed to see if the hypothetical model was elaborated and tested by the theoretical model. Twenty-five articles proved to be rationale for the inconsistencies. Also, 56.5% proposed hypotheses were supported among the subject articles, and 30 articles (90.0%) suggested a revised model. Path coefficient (17 articles) and theoretical adequacy (17 articles) were the standards mostly used. In conclusion, the principal factors were obtained from the research are to be considered as the principes of LISREL application. First, a model has to be established on a theoretical base rather than empirical results dependent on the data. The results are also required to be globally interpreted. Secondly, at least 200 samples are necessary to satisfy the need. Third, more than 3 measurement variables are to be adjusted to a single theoretical variable; the measurement errors must be suggested as well. Finally, normal distribution characteristics of the data and the estimation method need to be reported. Based on the research result, the follows are suggested; . Systematic criteria on the LISREL application and procedure need to be developed . Agreement form is required to report the results of research using the LISREL

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2003

This study aimed to determine the amount of vitamin C from vegetable & fruit juice by high performance liquid chromatograhy (HPLC). Components for estimation of measurement uncertainty associated with the analysis of vitamin C, such as standard weight, purity, molecular weight, dilution of standard solution, calibration curve, recovery, and precision, were importantly applied. The estimation of uncertainty obtained with systematic and random error based on the GUM (Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement) and EURACHEM document with mathematical calculation and statistical analysis. The components, evaluated ty either Type A or Type B methods, were combined to produce an overall value of uncertainty known as the combined standard uncertainty. An expanded uncertainty was obtained by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty with a coverage factor (k) calculated from the effective degree of freedom. The content of vitamin C from vegetable and fruit juice was 27.53 mg/100g and the expanded uncertainty by multiplying by the coverage factor (k, 2.06) was 0.63 mg/100g at a 95% confidence level. It was concluded that the main sources were, in order of recovery and precision, weight and purity of the reference material, dilution of the standard solution, and calibration curve. Careful experiments on other higher uncertainties is further needed in addition to better personal proficiency in sample analysis in terms of accuracy and precision.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.435-452
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• 2016

Land Surface Temperature (LST) has been operationally retrieved from the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) data by the spilt-window method (CSW_v2.0) developed by Cho et al. (2015). Although the CSW_v2.0 retrieved the LST with a reasonable quality compared to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST data, it showed a relatively poor performance for the strong inversion and lapse rate conditions. To solve this problem, the LST retrieval algorithm (CSW_v2.0) was updated using the simulation results of radiative transfer model (MODTRAN 4.0) by considering the diurnal variations of air temperature. In general, the upgraded version, CSW_v3.0 showed a similar correlation coefficient between the prescribed LSTs and retrieved LSTs (0.99), the relatively smaller bias (from -0.03 K to-0.012 K) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) (from 1.39 K to 1.138 K). Particularly, CSW_v3.0 improved the systematic problems of CSW_v2.0 that were encountered when temperature differences between LST and air temperature are very large and/or small (inversion layers and superadiabatic lapse rates), and when the brightness temperature differences and surface emissivity differences were large. The bias and RMSE of CSW_v2.0 were reduced by 10-30% in CSW_v3.0. The indirect validation results using the MODIS LST data showed that CSW_3.0 improved the retrieval accuracy of LST in terms of bias (from -0.629 K to -0.049 K) and RMSE (from 2.537 K to 2.502 K) compared to the CSW_v2.0.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.139-146
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency and working conditions of the patternwork departments by surveying the apparel manufacturing companies sampled in Seoul for their organization, working enviornment and technology of their patternwork departments, and thereby, find the ways to promote the functions of the patternwork department. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. As a result of analyzing the working environment of patternwork departments, it was found that the problems counted by most of the pattern workers were lack of workforce, unhygienic or unpleasant workplaces. 2. As a consequence of analyzing the sample production in terms of tacking methods and times, They rarely tacked the white cotton. Such an omission of tacking procedure may serve to save time, but if a sewing error occurs, the working time would rather be longer due to the defects of pattern to be remedied. 3. As a result of reviewing the general patternwork conditions, it was found that the patterns were still worked out in two dimensions. On the other hand, more than 60% of the pattern workers were applying to their patternworks the styles which they had learned from their seniors. Few patterns are being developed in conformity to apparel trends or body shape changes. 4. As a consequence of examining the problems involving the production of patternsl, the problems involved primarily the patterns incised off no-dart pattern and body structure, and in light of items, involved mainly the trousers and in light of material, involved much the stretch or velvet. Moreover, it is deemed necessary to establish a special institute devoted to a systematic development of pattern technology. 5. Most of the CAD patternworks are used not for pattern designing but for grading and marking works, which suggests that pattern workers need to be educated on this new technology for more diverse and precise patternworks. 6. Lastly, as a result of examining the conditions of patternwork departments and their relevant works, most of the pattern workers were found to be subject to irregular and excessive workload, having little time to produce good patterns. This finding suggests that it is necessary to mandate the pattern workers to more involve the commodity planning.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.761-771
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• 2016

The GloSea5 (Global Seasonal forecasting system version 5) is provided and operated by the KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration). GloSea5 provides Forecast (FCST) and Hindcast (HCST) data and its horizontal resolution is about 60km ($0.83^{\circ}{\times}0.56^{\circ}$) in the mid-latitudes. In order to use this data in watershed-scale water management, GloSea5 needs spatial-temporal downscaling. As such, statistical downscaling was used to correct for systematic biases of variables and to improve data reliability. HCST data is provided in ensemble format, and the highest statistical correlation ($R^2=0.60$, RMSE = 88.92, NSE = 0.57) of ensemble precipitation was reported for the Yongdam Dam watershed on the #6 grid. Additionally, the original GloSea5 (600.1 mm) showed the greatest difference (-26.5%) compared to observations (816.1 mm) during the summer flood season. However, downscaled GloSea5 was shown to have only a -3.1% error rate. Most of the underestimated results corresponded to precipitation levels during the flood season and the downscaled GloSea5 showed important results of restoration in precipitation levels. Per the analysis results of spatial autocorrelation using seasonal Moran's I, the spatial distribution was shown to be statistically significant. These results can improve the uncertainty of original GloSea5 and substantiate its spatial-temporal accuracy and validity. The spatial-temporal reproducibility assessment will play a very important role as basic data for watershed-scale water management.