• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.427-432
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• 2006

Background: Lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer death in South Korea since 2000. This study examined the clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients diagnosed in a community hospital from the year 2000 to 2005, and compared these results with previously reported statistical data. Method: The lung cancer data in a form of an electronic medical record was downloaded from the hospital medical information system. The clinical characteristics of the 1,509 patients with lung cancer were analyzed retrospectively. Result: The mean age of the patients was 63.7 years. 82.5% and 74.5% of the patients were men and smokers, respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma (41.6%) was the most common pathology type followed by adenocarcinoma(32.3%) and small cell carcinoma(13.9%). When 604 patients who were diagnosed from 2000 to 2003 were compared with 905 patients diagnosed from 2004 to 2005, the age of patients increased significantly (61.5 years vs. 65.1 years; p<0.001) and the proportion of adenocarcinomas was significantly higher(29.3% vs. 34.4%; p=0.046). Conclusion: Among the major histology types of lung cancer, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has been increasing recently. The age of the lung cancer patients at diagnosis is getting older. This is despite the fact that the distributions of the initial anatomic stages have not changed significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.456-462
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• 2008

The classification is that a new data is classified into one of given classes and is one of the most generally used data mining techniques. Memory-Based Reasoning (MBR) is a reasoning method for classification problem. MBR simply keeps many patterns which are represented by original vector form of features in memory without rules for reasoning, and uses a distance function to classify a test pattern. If training patterns grows in MBR, as well as size of memory great the calculation amount for reasoning much have. NGE, FPA, and RPA methods are well-known MBR algorithms, which are proven to show satisfactory performance, but those have serious problems for memory usage and lengthy computation. In this paper, we propose DPA (Dynamic Partition Averaging) algorithm. it chooses partition points by calculating GINI-Index in the entire pattern space, and partitions the entire pattern space dynamically. If classes that are included to a partition are unique, it generates a representative pattern from partition, unless partitions relevant partitions repeatedly by same method. The proposed method has been successfully shown to exhibit comparable performance to k-NN with a lot less number of patterns and better result than EACH system which implements the NGE theory and FPA, and RPA.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.13-25
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• 2008

Although competitions for large parks are increasing rapidly across the world, theoretical research and critiques of these competitions are as yet insufficient. The 'International Design Competition for Central Open Space in Multi-functional Administrative City, Korea', a representative competition for large park design, can be a significant resource for examining the contemporary design strategies that go into the design of a large park. In this study, the authors make a framework for analysis by looking at the competition's design guidelines and literatures on 'large parks', and by then analyzing the ten finalists. Four questions that were derived from the framework were: 'what are the approaches to large parks?', 'what is the process of design?', 'what is the sustainability of the park?', and 'what are the relations between city and park?' The results of the study are as follows. First, the design concepts for large parks are primarily site-specific. It is particularly important in ensuring the identity of the large park. Second, it is difficult to find design proposals which satisfy the four main questions sufficiently, and works submitted tend to be visual-oriented, form-oriented, and results-centered. Third, the notion of 'sustainability' in large parks is a comprehensive one which includes various aspects such as ecology, finance, programming, and community. However, the notion remains ambiguous, and plans for operation and management are not concretely proposed. Finally, design proposals for large parks accompany positive relations with the city. Especially, 'productive parks' and 'city self-sufficiency' are very important demands in regards to large parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2014

Green Infrastructure(GI) is suggested to recover urban water circulation system as a newly conceptual alternative methodology by Korean landscape field in recent years. In this context, the study considers the essential meaning of GI. The methodology of this study is literature review with 47 published papers which were peer-reviewed in international journals in the recent 5 years. These papers were collected from online database and academic archives. The main analysis targets are definition sentences about GI. The each sentences were interpreted by semantic structure between verbs and objects in the definition sentences. As the results, it figured out 5 aims('Provide', 'Improve', 'Produce', 'Conserve', 'Reduce'), 4 objects('Humanistic', 'Environmental', 'Ecological', 'Hydrological') and 3 spaces('Object space', 'Technically available spaces', 'Object or technically available spaces'). The '5 aims' connected with the elements of '4 objects' based on the '3 spaces'. The elements was connected to the '5 aims' via single form or 2~3 forms of the essential meaning networks of GI. The study provides 83 meaning networks to use landscape architecture planning and urban planning.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.81-92
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to compare values, characteristics and the world heritage listed tendency of walls in East Asia. Walls in East Asia are similar by the geographically adjacent, type, form and materials, etc. Thus to demonstrate the differentiation is not easy, but walls heritage of a tentative list or listed on the UNESCO World Heritage were discriminated by the evaluation criteria of world heritage. Hidden problems are not to be described the differences by the consistent manner. So we need efforts to separate the distinction and originality of walls according to the characteristics of each heritage. As the method of this study, we reviewed the terminology associated with the wall and then have examined the following four aspects as the characteristics of each heritage category. 1) Classification according to the function and purpose, 2) Classification according to the type and size of the walls(the length of wall), 3) Classification according to the location and topography, 4) Classification according to materials and technology(construction method). And we have analyzed the tendency of OUV(Outstanding Universal Value) of the world heritage listed wall. Also we examined the value basis of the differences and similarities presented by each heritage. In the future, we should complement the following two aspects of the wall heritage in East Asia for comparing the exact value. first, we ought to come up with a system that we can easily compare the similarities and differences of similar walls heritage. Second, we have to make every effort to describe the walls heritage by considering OUV evaluation criteria to be able to share with people all around the world.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

The main aim of this study is to provide an overview of the characteristics the Oungak (五雲閣) area on the north of rear garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace which was constructed during the time of king Kojong. This study also consider the aspect of functional elements of Ocryucheon (玉流川) located in Changdeokgung Palace and how the Oungak area was used as a substitute for the Ocryucheon. The Oungak area is the private space of the king. It was built in a natural setting which used existing environment including spring water and the rock carved with inscriptions 'Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji (天下第一福地). King Kojong tried to replace Ocryucheon with Oungak area which had played a important role of relaxation and leisure for royal family at the Ocryucheon to reconstructed Gyeongbokgung Palace. Despite being away from each other, Oungak area seems quite similar to Ocryucheon area. Oungak area and Ocryucheon have a common conditions of a location and structure of the building. Both constructed on the northernmost part of rear garden, composition of buildings and the design of waterway estimated to function as Curve-Stream Banquet. Oungak area was consisted of Ocryeonjeong (玉蓮亭) Pavilion, Oungak Building, Byeokhwasil (碧華室) Building and Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji-Cheon (天下第一福地泉) Spring and Streams. Except Byeokhwasil Building, spatial compositions of Oungak area showed pattern that were similar to Ocryucheon area. The area was developed, moreover, to unconventional space that depended on the conditions of topography, slope, water system. First, The Ocryeonjeong Pavilion constructed to view the landscape of Seoul to Namsan Mountain. Second, the peculiar form of Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji-Cheon Streams is estimated the shape imitated from Curve-Stream Banquet on Ocryuchon. Third, Oungak Building was constructed like a habitable house with Nongsanjeong Building in Ocryucheon. The Oungak area was constructed to improve Gyeongbokgung Palace, Consequently, the Oungak area specially characteristic of Joseon palaces's rear garden.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.374-388
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• 2016

In Jeju-Do, there is the 1100 Road, 516 Road, and Bijarimro, which are typical mountain sight-seeing roads in Jeju. These roads are local roads that have been the location for many traffic accidents. This study focused on these roads, categorized the type of traffic accident and analyzed the accident characteristics. The major accident factors were analyzed through trip AHP analysis, Comparative analysis of the velocity distribution and the factors affecting traffic accidents were analyzed. Tourists took many trips on these roads. The mixing rate of the rental cars was 36.70%~71.60% in 1100 road and Bijarimro. Currently, these local roads are regulated by a speed limit of 60km/h. However, it might be necessary to reduce the speed limit to 40km/h considering the geometric line form of the road and the climate in these areas. The speed limit of more than 40km/h is found 87.0% on 516 Roads, 88.57% on 1100 roads, and 93.1% on Bjarimro, In these roads, the speed ratio is higher as described above. Therefore, these roads have been found to have a higher risk of traffic accidents by overspeeding driving. The overspeed driving ratio of these roads was 87.0%~93.1%, The overspeed driving enforcement method at one spot has only the effect of reducing the speed at that enforcement place; the effect cannot be expected for the other places or sections. It is necessary to introduce a section overspeed driving enforcement system utilizing the average velocity in these areas to prevent traffic accidents.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2017

Globally, there has been a lot of research related to recycling coal ash from power plant stations. This research is happening because there is a considerable shortage of sites for reclamation of increased coal ash every year. In addition, a variety of environmental pollutants have appeared because of mining activity. Abandoned coal mine, pits, and mine tailing piles caused pollutants to come to the surface resulting in serious damage for humans and the environment. Therefore in this study, we investigated whether or not coal ashes have the ability to prevent several environmental problems by mining in Korea and a manageable form recycling coal ashes. In overseas countries, there is a sufficient field of applicable cases where coal ash is used for neutralizing AMD (Acid Mine Drainage), covering of the waste materials, grouting, and soil amendments. However in Korea, since the coal ash is classified as a 'waste', there is an insufficient field applicable cases so far. Therefore it is necessary to establish a specific standard and management system for the utilization of coal ash based on the relevant precedent cases applied abroad in order to prevent environmental pollution caused by mining activity in Korea.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.135-142
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• 2016

We proposed the new method to estimate the blood pressure with the differential value of the digital arterial pulse waveform and BP relation equation. To get the digital arterial pulse waveform, we use the arterial pulse waveform measurement system that has digital air-pressure sensor device and smart phone. The acquired digital arterial pulse waveforms are classified as hypertension group, normal group, and hypotension group, and we can derive the average differential value between the highest point and lowest point of a single waveform of individuals along with the group. In this study, we found the functional correlation between the blood pressure and differential value as a form of BP relation equation through the regression process on the average of differential value and blood pressure value from a tonometer. The Experimental results show the BP relation equation can give easy blood pressure estimation method with a high accuracy. Although this estimation method has over 66 % error rate and does not give the high level of the accuracy for the diastolic compares to the commercial tonometer, the estimation results for the systolic show the high accuracy that has less than 10 % error rate.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.7
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• pp.1804-1820
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• 1997

In this paper, an efficient call control procedure is presented for next generation wireless ATM networks and its performance is mathematically analyzed using the open queueing network. This procedure is based on a new scheme called as the cell clustering. When we use the cell clustering scheme, at the time that a mobile connection is admitted to the network, a virtual cell is constructed by choosing a group of neighboring base stations to which the call may probabilistically hand over and by assigning to the call a collection of virtual paths between the base stations. Within a microcell/picocell environment, it is seen that the cell clustering can support effectively a very high rate of handovers, provides very high system capacity, and guarantees a high degree of frequency reuse over the same geographical region without requiring the intervention of the network call control processor each time a handover occurs. But since mobiles, once admitted, are free to roam within the virtual cell, overload condition occurs in which the number of calls to be handled by one base station to exceed that cell site's capacity of radio channel. When an overload condition happens, the quality of service is abruptly degraded. We refer to this as the overload state and in order to quantify the degree of degradation we define two metrics, the probability of overload and the normalized average time spent in the overload state. By using the open network queueing model, we derive closed form expressions for the maximum number of calls that can be admitted into the virtual cell such that the two defined metrics are used as the acceptance criteria for call admission control.