• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of suspension unloading (SU) and electrical stimulation upon the development of neonatal muscular system. For this study, the neonatal rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, an experimental group I, and an experimental group II. The SU for experimental group I and II was applied from postnatal day (PD) 5 to PD 30. The electrical stimulation for soleus muscle of experimental group IIwas applied from PD 16 to PD 30 using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which gave isometric contraction with 10 pps for 30 minutes twice a day. In order to observe the effect of SU and ES, this study observed myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoreactivity in the soleus muscles at PD 15 and PD 30. In addition, the motor behavior test was performed through footprint analysis at PD 30. The following is the result. At PD 15, the soleus muscles of experimental group Iand II had significantly lower MEF2C, VEGF immunoreactivity than the control group. It proved that microgravity conditions restricted the development of the skeletal muscle cells at PD 15. At PD 30, soleus muscles of the control group and experimental group II had significantly higher MEF2C, VEGF, immunoreactivity than experimental group I. It proved that the NMES facilitated the development of the skeletal muscle cells. At PD 30, it showed that SU caused the decrease in stride length of parameter of gait analysis and an increase in toe-out angle, and that the NMES decreased these variations. These results suggest that weight bearing during neonatal developmental period is essential for muscular development. They also reveal that NMES can encourage the development of muscular systems by fully supplementing the effect of weight bearing, which is an essential factor in the neonatal developmental process.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2007

The development of neonatal neuromuscular system is accomplished by the functional interaction between the spinal neurons and its target cells, skeletal muscle cells, and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting this process. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of suspension unloading (SU) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) upon the development of the neonatal spinal cord. For this study, the neonatal rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, an experimental group I, and an experimental group II. The SU for experimental group I and II was applied from postnatal day (PD) 5 to PD 30, and the NMES for experimental group II was applied from PD 16 to PD 30 using NMES that gave isometric contraction with 10 Hz for 30 minutes twice a day. In order to observe the effect of SU and NMES, this study observed neutrophin-3 (NT-3) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord (L4-5) at the PD 15 and PD 30. The results are as follows. At PD 15, lumbar spinal cord of experimental group I and II had significantly lower NT-3 and MAP2 immunoreactivity than control group. It proved that a microgravity condition restricted the spinal development. At PD 30, lumbar spinal cord of control group and experimental group II had significantly higher NT-3 and MAP2 immunoreactivity than experimental group I. It proved that the NMES facilitated the spinal development by spinal cord-skeletal muscle interaction. These results suggest that weight bearing during the neonatal developmental period is essential for the development of neuromuscular development. Also, the NMES on its target skeletal muscle can encourage the development of the spinal cord system with a full supplementation of the effect of weight bearing, which is an essential factor in neonatal developmental process.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2015

This study was performed to examine the antigenic potential of purified bee venom (Apis mellifera L., PBV) collected using bee venom collector. Antigenic potential of PBV was examined by active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) in guinea pigs. PBV was subcutaneously administered at 0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg and also as a suspension with adjuvant (Freund's complete adjuvant, FCA). Ovalbumin (OVA) as a suspension with adjuvant was used to introduce positive control response. In the weight measurement and clinical observation, experimental groups didn't show any significant changes compared with control group. In the autopsy of body, the abnormalities of lung were detected only in the positive control. In the ASA test, experimental groups didn't show any symptoms of anaphylaxis like piloerection, hyperpnea and staggering gait. These results suggested that PBV didn't have antigenic potential in guinea pig.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.256-266
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Magnolia Officinalis extracts on the animal model of depression induced by immobilization stress. Methods : The subjects were divided into 4 groups : normal, saline solution-administered during immobilization stress, 200 mg/kg of magnolia extracts-administered (magnolia extract 200), and 400 mg/kg of magnolia extracts- administered (magnolia extract 400). During 2 days of immobilization stress treatment, they underwent forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The number of serotonin (5-HT) immunostained nuclei in the dorsal raphe nucleus regions was measured by immunohistochemistry. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in blood were measured. Results : In FST, magnolia-administered groups showed significantly decreased immobilization. In TST, the magnolia extract 400 group showed decreased immobilization. The stress group showed significantly decreased number of 5-HT immunostained nuclei in the dorsal raphe nucleus regions, while magnolia extract 400 group showed increased number of 5-HT immunostained nuclei. Stress group showed decrease in serum level of SOD and GPX, while the magnolia extract 200 group showed increase in serum level of SOD and GPX. Conclusions : These results suggest potent effectiveness of magnolia extracts in the treatment of depression.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

Objectives: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid (UA)-containing composites on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. Materials and Methods: Composite resins with five different concentrations (0.04, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) of UA (U6753, Sigma Aldrich) were prepared, and their flexural strengths were measured according to ISO 4049. To evaluate the effect of carbohydrate source on biofilm formation, either glucose or sucrose was used as a nutrient source, and to investigate the effect of saliva treatment, the specimen were treated with either unstimulated whole saliva or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For biofilm assay, composite disks were transferred to S. mutans suspension and incubated for 24 hr. Afterwards, the specimens were rinsed with PBS and sonicated. The colony forming units (CFU) of the disrupted biofilm cultures were enumerated. For growth inhibition test, the composites were placed on a polystyrene well cluster, and S. mutans suspension was inoculated. The optical density at 600 nm ($OD_{600}$) was recorded by Infinite F200 pro apparatus (TECAN). One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction were used for the data analyses. Results: The flexural strength values did not show significant difference at any concentration (p > 0.01). In biofilm assay, the CFU score decreased as the concentration of UA increased. The influence of saliva pretreatment was conflicting. The sucrose groups exhibited higher CFU score than glucose group (p < 0.05). In bacterial growth inhibition test, all experimental groups containing UA resulted in complete inhibition. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the experiments, UA included in the composite showed inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and growth.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.248-258
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• 2023

PURPOSE. This study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure energy on the lateral resolution and mechanical strength of dental zirconia manufactured using digital light processing (DLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS. A zirconia suspension and a custom top-down DLP printer were used for in-office manufacturing. The viscosity of the suspension and uniformity of the exposed light intensity were controlled. Based on the exposure energy dose delivered to each layer, the specimens were classified into three groups: low-energy (LE), medium-energy (ME), and high-energy (HE). For each energy group, a simplified molar cube was used to measure the widths of the outline (X_o and Y_o) and isthmus (X_i and Y_i), and a bar-shaped specimen of the sintered body was tested. A Kruskal-Wallis test for the lateral resolution and one-way analysis of variance for the mechanical strength were performed (α = .05). RESULTS. The zirconia green bodies of the ME group showed better lateral resolution than those of the LE and HE groups (both P < .001). Regarding the flexural strength of the sintered bodies, the ME group had the highest mean value, whereas the LE group had the lowest mean value (both P < .05). The ME group exhibited fewer agglomerates than the LE group, with no distinctive interlayer pores or surface defects. CONCLUSION. Based on these findings, the lateral resolution of the green body and flexural strength of the sintered body of dental zirconia could be affected by the exposure energy dose during DLP. The exposure energy should be optimized when fabricating DLP-based dental zirconia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects on flexibility of bridge and plank exercises using sling suspension on an unstable surface. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 20 healthy adults in their 20s (plank=10, bridge=10). Both types of exercise were performed three times per week for a period of four weeks. Each exercise was performed in the front and side direction. Exercise intensity was altered through the use of a sling, which was placed at the knee and ankle. Flexibility at trunk forward flexion and backward extension was measured. The trunk forward flexion was measured at sitting position. The trunk backward extension was measured at prone position. The data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the pre- and post-test for both the bridge and plank exercise groups. In the bridge exercise, significant differences were shown in the trunk forward flexion and the trunk backward extension (p<.05). In the plank exercise, a significant difference was shown in the trunk backward extension (p<.05). No significant differences were noted in interaction effect or the main effects in either group. CONCLUSION: Bridge and plank exercises on an unstable surface improve flexibility. The bridge exercise improves the flexibility of the forward and backward muscles of the trunk. The plank exercise improves the flexibility of the forward muscles of the trunk. This information would be useful in the development of exercise programs including bridge and plank exercises for improving flexibility and core stability.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differences between the severity of punishments for traffic laws related offenders and the choice of policy measures with a view to reducing traffic accidents. To this end, government data on the drivers given a sentence of license suspension or revocation were collected and analyzed in terms of sex, age, type of driver's license, driving career, number of traffic laws violations, and number of traffic accidents generated. The statistics of analysis of covariance and tests of significance were used and conducted to compare the effectiveness of punishment for the penalty and the incentive groups. The results showed that the incentive policy measure on the drivers who violate traffic regulations repeatedly is more effective to reduce the number of traffic offenders and traffic accidents.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2011

Upper gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed to compare the quality of images using two different commercialized barium products in 10 healthy beagle dogs of each group; 30% barium suspension in group 1, and 35% dilute barium suspension in group 2. Contrast media were administered through gastric tube at a dose rate of 10 ml/kg in all groups. All procedures were evaluated by three criteria: the quality of the images obtained, the transit time and the distensibility of the bowel. The imaging in group 1 showed good image quality, a rapid transit time, and good distensibility of bowel loop.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.793-804
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• 1995

Polychaetous community survey in Tomioka Bay was carried out 5 times seasonally from May 1991 to March 1992 by quantitative grab sampling (0.05m2) at 11 stations. Based on the granulometric composition and environmental factors, a homogeneous soft bottom was found in St.5-10. The species of the polychaete were classified into three feeding groups using the Fauchald and Jumars' feeding guild system. According to polychaetous community composition data, deposit feeders predominate in sandy silt area where the silt-clay content is $60-69.3\%.$ These deposit feeders were subdivided into surface deposit feeders and subsurface deposit feeders by their living position and mode. Also, suspension feeding group comes as the third dominant group. Seasonal changes of each feeding group were described in terms of numerical density and biomass. Feeding layer and types of dominant species (Lumbrineris longifolia: surface deposit feeder; Praxillella pacifica: subsurface deposit feeder; Chone duneri; suspension filter feeder, etc.) were examined in the intact sediment core samples. Also, longterm density change among the three dominant species during 10 years was disussed.