• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.373-381
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• 1999

Six soybean cultivars having different SDS susceptibility were planted with sorghum seedinoculum infested with F. solani isolate 171 in the greenhouse. First leaf symptoms appeared on unifoliar leaves at 9 days after inoculation and all cultivars showed the typical leaf symptoms at 13 days after inoculation, when trifoliar leaves emerged. Leaf symptoms development in susceptible cultivars was faster than in resistant cultivars. Leaf symptom severities during the period of 25 to 29 days after inoculation showed a significant difference between cultivars which had SDS resistance and sus ceptibility. In this period, area under the diseaseprogress curve (AUDPC) of Hartz 6686 was the highest and that of PI 520733 was the lowest. SDS caused serious damage to the growth of soybean in all cultivars. Average reductions of growth rate of root fresh weight and dry weight were greater than those of plant tops. Duyu-kong showed less severe leaf symptoms than that of SDS suscetible cultivars; however, average growth rate of plants top and roots of this cultivar was less but not significantly different than those of SDS susceptible cultivars. In all cultivars, as severity of leaf symptoms increased, plant top weight decreased. Root rot symptoms were observed in all cultivars before leaf symptoms appeared. Average proportions of tap root reddish-brown discoloration of all cultivars was up to 75 % at 15 days after inoculati on; however there was no significant differenc between cultivars at each rating date. Appearances of leaf symptoms on leaves varied in each cultivar. SDS resistant cultivars had a significantly higher level of crinkling than susceptible cultivars and SDS susceptible cultivars had a significantly higher level of necrosis than resistant cultivars. Further study will be needed to identify the relationships between the physiological growth rate and SDS severities in soybeans.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2014

In this study, resistance responses were investigated during the interaction of Botrytis fabae with two faba bean cultivars expressing different levels of resistance against this pathogen, Nubaria (resistant) and Giza 40 (susceptible). Disease severity was assessed on leaves using a rating scale from 1 to 9. Accumulation levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) were measured in leaf tissues at different times of infection. The expression profiles of two pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) encoded by the genes PR-1 and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase were also investigated using reverse transcription RT-PCR analysis. The accumulation of these defense responses was induced significantly in both cultivars upon infection with B. fabae compared with un-inoculated controls. The resistant cultivar showed weaker necrotic symptom expression, less ROS accumulation, a lower rate of lipid peroxidation and higher activity of the enzymatic ROS scavenging system compared with susceptible cultivar. Interestingly, ROS accumulated rapidly in the resistant leaf tissues and peaked during the early stages of infection, whereas accumulation was stronger and more intense in the susceptible tissues in later stages. Moreover, the response of the resistant cultivar to infection was earlier and stronger, exhibiting high transcript accumulation of the PR genes. These results indicated that the induction of oxidant/antioxidant responses and the accumulation of PRPs are part of the faba bean defense mechanism against the necrotrophic fungus B. fabae with a different intensity and timing of induction, depending on the resistance levels.

• 식물병연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.312-315
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• 2010

본 연구는 애기장대에서 무름병에 대한 저항성 유전자를 탐색하고자 2만여개의 T-DNA 삽입 돌연변이군을 이용하여 Pcc에 대한 스크리닝을 수행하고 이 방법을 소개한 연구다. 1차 선발을 통하여 15개의 저항성 line과 20개의 감수성 line을 선발하였으며, 이로부터 2차 선발하여 3개의 저항성 line과 4개의 감수성 line을 선발하였고, 최종적으로 3차 선발을 통하여 1개의 감수성 line (Atstp1)을 선발할 수 있었다. 현재 Atstp1을 이용해 flanking sequencing 하여 유전자를 탐색하고 있으며, 앞으로 클로닝을 통하여 다양한 무름병 저항성 식물 개발에 유용하게 이용될 것으로 기대한다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2006

The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 2 (E2) is core component of ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) which represents a selective mechanism for intracellular proteolysis in eukaryotic cells. The E2 has been implicated in the intracellular transfer of ubiquitin to target protein. We show here the involvement of E2 in antiviral immune of Bombyx mori to Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). In this study, mRNA fluorescent differential display PCR (FDD-PCR) was performed with BmNPV highly resistant silkworm strain NB and susceptible silkworm strain 306. At 24 h post BmNPV infection, FDD-PCR with the arbitrary primer AP34 showed that one cDNA band was down-regulated in the midgut of resistant strain, but highly expressed in susceptible strain. The deduced amino acid sequence of this cDNA clone share 99% identity with the recently published B. mori ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 (Genbank NO: DQ311351). Fluorescent quantitative PCR corroborated down regulation of E2 in resistant strain. We there conclude that BmNPV infection evokes strong response of susceptible strain including activation of UPP. BmNPV may evolve escape mechanisms that manipulate the UPP in order to persist in the infected host. In addition, the identification of down-regulation of E2 in resistant strain, as well as structure data, are essential to understanding how UPP operates in silkworm antiviral immune to BmNPV disease.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 1983

The rational approach to antimicrobial therapy of infected root canals is based on accurate identification of the infecting organism and on the organism's susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as measured by standardized techniques. In establishing criteria for the selection of antibiotics, a susceptibility test should be performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of 224 aerobic and anaerobic microbial strains isolated from infected root canals to various antibiotics. This was performed by using 7 antibiotic sensi-disc: Penicillin (10 units), Ampicillin (10 mcg), Tetracycline (30 mcg), Streptomycin (10 mcg), Kanamycin (30 mcg), Lincomycin (2 mcg), and Clindamycin (2 mcg). The results were as follows; 1. Strains isolated from infected root canals was shown to be most susceptible to Clindamycin, while Streptomycin exhibited least antibacterial properties. 2. Anaerobes were found to be susceptible to Penicillin, Ampicillin, and Clindamycin. 3. Streptomycin and Kanamycin were shown to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, however, unidentified G(+) cocci organisms were found to be resistant to these agents. 4. Bifidobacterium sp. was susceptible to Lincomycin while G(+) rods were resistant to it. 5. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp., and anaerobes were highly susceptible to Clindamycin. 6. All of the antibiotics tested were shown to be very effective against Eubacterium sp.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.185-192
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• 1986

1983년 6월부터 1986년 6월까지 영남대학병원 임상검체에서 분리된 세균의 항생제 감수성시험 성적의 통계적 고찰을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Staphylococcus aureus는 cephalothin에 가장 감수성이 높았으며, methicillin에 대한 감수성은 점차 감소되었다. 2. enterococcus를 제외한 Streptococcus는 penicillin에 대체로 높은 감수성을 보였으며, enterococcus는 대부분 ampicillin에만 감수성을 나타내었다. 3. Escherichia coli를 비롯한 그람음성 간균은 전반적으로 amikacin과 tobramycin에 높은 감수성을 보였다. 4. Serratia는 다른 장내세균보다 감수성이 대체로 낮았으며 Serratia marcescens는 amikacin과 chloramphenicol에 가장 높은 감수성을 보였다. 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa는 amikacin과 tobramycin에 가장 감수성이 높았으며, carbenicillin과 gentamyctn에도 중등도의 감수성을 보였다. 6. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus는 시험한 대부분의 항생제에 낮은 감수성을 보였으며, 1986년에 amikacin, tobramycin 및 gentamycin에 단지 30%정도의 감수성을 보였다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2015

Osteoporosis is one of the diseases caused by accumulation of effects from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Aging is the major cause for osteoporosis, which normally increases skeletal fragility and bone fracture especially among the elder. "Omics" refers to a specialized research field dealing with high-throughput biological data, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics or metabolomics. Integration of data from multi-omics has been approved to be a powerful strategy to colligate biological phenomenon with multiple aspects. Actually, integrative analyses of "omics" datasets were used to present pathogenesis of specific diseases or casual biomarkers including susceptible genes. In this study, we evaluated the proposed relationship of novel susceptible genes (TREML2, HTR1E, and GLO1) with osteoporosis, which genes were obtained using multi-omics integration analyses. To this end, SNPs of the susceptible genes in the Korean female cohort were analyzed. As a result, one SNP of HTR1E and five SNPs of TREML2 were identified to associate with osteoporosis. The highest significant SNP was $rs6938076^*$ of TREML2 (OR=0.63, CI: 0.45~0.89, recessive P=0.009). Consequently, the susceptible genes identified through the multi-omics analyses were confirmed to have association with osteoporosis. Therefore, multi-omics analysis might be a powerful tool to find new genes associated with a disease. We further identified that TREML2 has more associated with osteoporosis in females than did HTR1E.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.449-456
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• 2011

Plant leaf cuticle is related to the prevention of moisture loss, transpiration, and diffusion of light reflection. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of ginseng leaves in ginseng plants resistant and susceptible to hightemperature injury (HTI) to be related with the leaf-burning. For the HTI resistant lines Yunpoong, high-temperature injury resistance (HTIR) 1, HTIR 2, and HTIR 3, and the HTI-susceptible line Chunpoong, the cuticle densities were 53.0%, 46.2%, 44.9%, 48.0%, and 17.0%; the adaxial leaf cuticle layers were 141.3, 119.7, 119.7, 159.4, and 85.0 nm in thickness; the abaxial leaf cuticle layers were 153.6, 165.8, 157.9, 199.6, and 119.4 nm in thickness; and the stomtal lengths were 21.7, 32.4, 29.4, 30.9, and $21.8{\mu}m$, respectively. All of these aspects suggest that HTI resistant lines have higher cuticle density, thickicker adaxial and abaxial leaf cuticle layers, and longer of stomta length than the HTI-susceptible line, protecting leaves from moisture loss and excessive transpiration under high temperatures to be resistant against the leaf-burning.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2013

Different functions have been attributed to $CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^+$ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) during malaria infection. Herein, we describe the disparity in Treg response and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA between young (3-week-old) and middle-aged (8-month-old) C57BL/6 mice. Young mice were susceptible to cerebral malaria (CM), while the middle-aged mice were resistant to CM and succumbed to hyperparasitemia and severe anemia. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-${\alpha}$, in young CM-susceptible mice were markedly higher than in middle-aged CM-resistant mice. An increased absolute number of Tregs 3-5 days post-inoculation, co-occurring with elevated IL-10 levels, was observed in middle-aged CM-resistant mice but not in young CM-susceptible mice. Our findings suggest that Treg proliferation might be associated with the suppression of excessive pro-inflammatory Th1 response during early malaria infection, leading to resistance to CM in the middle-aged mice, possibly in an IL-10-dependent manner.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2000

망초(Conyza bonariensis)에서 제초제 paraquat 저항성을 구명하기 위해 paraquat가 생성하는 superoxide 라디칼과 과산화수소 등의 유해 산소 물질을 제거하는 데에 관련된 효소의 활성을 저항성 종과 감수성 종의 망초에서 측정하였다. 경작지 부근에 자라는 망초는 비경작지에 자라는 망초에 비해 paraquat 저항성이 강하였다. 국내에서 paraquat를 자주 살포하는 지역에서 저항성 종의 망초가 출현하고 있음을 처음으로 보고한다. 저항성 종의 superoxide dismutase의 활성, ascorbate peroxidase의 활성, 그리고 glutathione reductase의 활성은 감수성의 그것에 비해 각각 약 20%, 44%, 그리고 64% 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과로부터 paraquat에 대한 망초의 저항성은 superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, 그리고 glutathione reductase 등으로 구성된 효소의 유해 산소 물질을 제거하는 효율성에 부분적으로 달려 있을 수 있다고 사료된다.