• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2002

An isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), PaFMl-CMV causing malformation on the fruit of paprika (Capsicum annuum var, grossum) was characterized based on biological reactions, serological relationships, and partial nucleotide sequence analyses. PaFMl-CMV was distinguishable from other isolates of CMYI Mf-(subgroup I) and LS-CMV (subgroup II), in terms of its reactions to some host plants. Polyclonal antibody against PaFMl-CMV showed homologous antigenic relationship with LS-CMV, however, the antibody formed a spur between PaFMl- and Mf-CMV, In the comparison of molecular size of dsRNAs of PaFMl-CMV with Mf- and LS-CMV, PaFMl-CMV had a slightly smaller RNAl and larger RNA2, RNA3, and RNA4. When the CDNA product of PaFMl-CMV coat protein (CP) gene was digested with some restriction enzymes, the fragment pattern was identical with that of LS-CMV The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of PaFMl-CMV CP gene were 99.5% and 98.6% identical with LS-CMV respectively. The data indicate that PaFMl-CMV belongs to subgroup II of CMV, which is the first report in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.1
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• pp.42-53
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• 1991

1. The forest vegetation of the Mt. Baek-Hwa situated in the northwestern Kyungsangpookdo of Korea, on $36^{\circ}16^{\prime}00^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\sim}36^{\circ}19^{\prime}20^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$ and 127 53'20"~127 56'30"E was studied by the method of Zurich-Montpellier School. In the present time, the original vegetation have almost been dominated by substitutional communities such as secondary forests of Pinus, Quercus, Zelkova, Acer or Fraxinus and Pinus rzgida plantations. Some secondary forests developing along the ravine and in northwestern part of slope are, however, maintained in natural condition, and contain some species of the original climax vegetation. They are classified as follows : I. Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus siebol diana community(Mountain forests), I-A. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum -Carex okamotoi group, I-B. Pinus densiflora group, I-B-a. Typical subgroup, I-B-b. Rhododendron schlippenbachii subgroup, II. Fraxinus rhynclzophylla-Acer mono community(Valley Forests), II-A. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum group, II-B. Zelkova serrata group, II-B-a. Typical subgroup, II-B-b. Lindera erythrocarpa subgroup, II-C. Querczrs serrata-Platycarya strobilacea group, II-C-a. Typical subgroup, II-C-b. Lindera erythrocarpa subgroup. 2. Judging from the coincidence method, the structure and distribution of the forest communities was more related to topography than altitude. 3. Considering the actual vegetation, relict species, occurrence of natural seedlings and saplings, climate, successional trends of trees and topographic or edaphic climax conditions, it seems that potential natural vegetation of the area mainly composed of Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Zelkova serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla. 4. The flora of the vascular plants collected from this area consists of 108 families, 371 genera, 613 species, 2 subspecies, 88 varieties, 6 forms and 709 taxa in total.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 1991

The null hypothesis being tested by $the{\bar{X}}$ control chart is that the process is in control at a quality level ${\mu}o$. An ${\bar{X}}control$ chart is a tool for detecting process average changes due to assingnable causes. The major weakness of $the{\bar{X}}$ control chart is that it is relatively insensitive to small changes in the population mean. This paper presents one way to remedy this weakness is to allow each plotted value to depend not only on the most recent subgroup average but on some of the other subgroup averages as well. Two approaches for doing this are based on (1) moving averages and (2) exponentially weighted moving averages of forecasting method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of a bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit, is subdivided into five genetically distinct populations, namely biovars 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. Of these, strains belonging to biovar 3 are responsible for a pandemic bacterial canker of kiwifruits since 2008. This study aimed to characterize the structure of the biovar 3 population and investigate the origin of biovar 3 strains isolated in Korea. The genetic variability of fifteen biovar 3 strains, thirteen Korean and two Chinese, were evaluated through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. The RAPD results revealed the presence of eight lineages, designated as subgroups I-VIII, across the biovar 3 strains used in this study. As the strains in subgroups II and III from China were not found in the Korean examples, we concluded that six genetically different biovar 3 subgroups (I, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) are present in Korea. In PCR analysis using primers specific to the strains of New Zealand and Europe, Korean strains in subgroups V and VI amplified the relevant DNA bands, suggesting that these were introduced from these two origins, respectively. PCR primers specific to subgroup VIII were developed to monitor the spread of the first biovar 3 strain in Korea, and investigations revealed that this strain was not found in Korea after its first occurrence.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.709-715
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• 1997

For a fibration (E,B,p) with fiber F and a fiber map f, we show that if the inclusion $i : F \to E$ has a left homotopy inverse, then $G^f_n(E,F)$ is isomorphic to $G^f_n(F,E) \oplus \pi_n(B)$. In particular, by taking f as the identity map on E we have $G_n(E,F)$ is isomorphic to $G_n(F) \oplus \pi_n(B)$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.1475-1479
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• 2020

Let G be a finite group and ${\sigma}_1(G)={\frac{1}{{\mid}G{\mid}}}\;{\sum}_{H{\leq}G}\;{\mid}H{\mid}$. Under some restrictions on the number of conjugacy classes of (non-normal) maximal subgroups of G, we prove that if ${\sigma}_1(G)<{\frac{117}{20}}$, then G is solvable. This partially solves an open problem posed in [9].

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2024

In July 2020, total RNA was extracted from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves showing virus symptoms such as chlorotic spots and vein banding in Haenam, South Korea. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-HN2 was identified through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. To confirm the biological characteristics of the CMV infecting passion fruit, 10 indicator plants were inoculated with CMV-HN2, and the results showed a typical CMV symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid of the coat protein (CP) of CMVs revealed that the CMV passion fruit isolates belonged to subgroup I, among which CMV-HN2 belonged to subgroup IA. Additionally, CMVs isolated from passion fruit in Korea have amino acid sequence variation between the subgroup. Among them, CMV-HN2 had four to eight amino acid differences in CP from other CMV isolates from passion fruit. These results confirm the presence of genetic diversity in the CPs of passion fruit CMV isolates.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.185-199
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• 1998

Hydrogeochemical and environmental isotope studies were undertaken for various kinds of water samples collected in 1995-1996 from the Bugok geothermal area. Physicochemical data indicate the occurrence of three distinct groups of natural water: Group I ($Na-S0_4$ type water with high temperatures up to $77^{\circ}C$, occurring from the central part of the geothermal area), Group II (warm $Na-HCO_{3}-SO_{4}$ type water, occurring from peripheral sites), Group III ($Ca-HCO_3$ type water, occurring as surface waters and/or shallow cold groundwaters). The Group I waters are further divided into two SUbtypes: Subgroup Ia and Subgroup lb. The general order of increasing degrees of hydrogeochemical evolution (due to the degrees of water-rock interaction) is: Group III$\rightarrow$Group II$\rightarrow$Group I. The Group II and III waters show smaller degrees of interaction with rocks (largely calcite and Na-plagioclase), whereas the Group I waters record the stronger interaction with plagioclase, K-feldspar, mica, chlorite and pyrite. The concentration and sulfur isotope composition of dissolved sulfate appear as a key parameter to understand the origin and evolution of geothermal waters. The sulfate was derived not only from oxidation of sedimentary pyrites in surrounding rocks (especially for the Subgroup Ib waters) but also from magmatic hydrothermal pyrites occurring in restricted fracture channels which extend down to a deep geothermal reservoir (typically for the Subgroup Ia waters). It is shown that the applicability of alkaliion geothermometer calculations for these waters is hampered by several processes (especially the mixing with Mg-rich near-surface waters) that modify the chemical composition. However, the multi-component mineral/water equilibria calculation and available fluid inclusion data indicate that geothermal waters of the Bugok area reach temperatures around $125^{\circ}C$ at deep geothermal reservoir (possibly a cooling pluton). Environmental isotope data (oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium) indicate the origin of all groups of waters from diverse meteoric waters. The Subgroup Ia waters are typically lower in O-H isotope values and tritium content, indicating their derivation from distinct meteoric waters. Combined with tritium isotope data, the Subgroup Ia waters likely represent the older (at least 45 years old) meteoric waters circuated down to the deep geothermal reservoir and record the lesser degrees of mixing with near-surface waters. We propose a model for the genesis and evolution of sulfate-rich geothermal waters.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.373-380
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• 2001

The action of opioid on the hyperpolarization-activated cation current $(I_h)$ in substantia gelatinosa neurons were investigated by using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording in rat spinal brain slices. Hyperpolarizing voltage steps revealed slowly activating currents in a subgroup of neurons. The half-maximal activation and the reversal potential of the current were compatible to neuronal $I_h.$ DAMGO $(1\;{\mu}M),$ a selective- opioid agonist, reduced the amplitude of $I_h$ reversibly. This reduction was dose-dependent and was blocked by CTOP $(2\;{\mu}M),$ a selective ${\mu}-opioid$ antagonist. DAMGO shifted the voltage dependence of activation to more hyperpolarized potential. Cesium (1 mM) or ZD 7288 $(100\;{\mu}M)$ blocked $I_h$ and the currents inhibited by cesium, ZD 7288 and DAMGO shared a similar time and voltage dependence. These results suggest that activation of ${\mu}-opioid$ receptor by DAMGO can inhibit $I_h$ in a subgroup of rat substantia gelatinosa neurons.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 1995

Sampels of Korean field mice (apodemus peninsulae peninsulae Thomas ) from six localities in Korea were used for the analyses of mitochondrial DNa (Mt DNA) fragment patterns resulted from the digestion with eight restriction enzymes. A total of 29 fragments were recognized and seven mtDNA clones were revealed. The nucleotide-sequence divergences (p) among the seven mtDNA clones ranged from 0.42% to 2.01%. Moreover, the seven clones were grouped into three major subgroups with the mean divergence value of 1.52% among them. One subgroup was composed of three clones of 18 sample from three localities (16, Cheongu: 1, Mt. Sobaek : 1, Mt. weolak) L another subgroup, three clones of eight samples from four localities (2, Cheongju ; 2 , Mt. Weolak ; 2, Mt. Gaya ; 2, haenam) ; and the last subgroup, one clone of two samples from Cheongju. Three subgroups were also distinct with one another in their mtDNA genotypes of Stu I and the former two subgroups differed from the last subgroup in their genotypes with Pvu II. Further analyses with additional samples from various localities in Korea appeared to be necessary in order to clarify the taxonomic status of the distinct mtDNA subgroups.