• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.389-399
• /
• 2002

In order to examine whether the difference between two point estimates of population proportions is statistically significant, data analysts use two techniques. The first is to explore the overlap between two associated confidence intervals. Second method is to test the significance which is introduced at most statistical textbooks under the common assumptions of consistency, asymptotic normality, and asymptotic independence of the estimates. Under the null hypothesis which is two population proportions are equal, the pooled estimator of population proportion is preferred as a point estimator since two independent random samples are considered to be collected from one population. Hence as an alternative method, we could obtain another confidence interval of the difference of the population proportions with using the pooled estimate. We conclude that, among three methods, the overlapped method is under-estimated, and the difference of the population proportions method is over-estimated on the basis of the proposed method.

• 대한예방한의학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of patients' self-perceived health in traditional Korean medical facilities. Method : This research was conducted based on the survey on patients whom have visited traditional Korean medical facilities in 2011 by the Ministry of Health and Welfares and Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Using a sample of 3,931 (1,180 male and 2,751 female) outpatients' self-perceived health based on the data from usage and consumption of Korean Medicine. 'Healthy', 'Fair', and 'Poor Health' were used to measure patients' self-perceived health status. The data was analyzed by frequency, t-test, cross correlation analysis and multiple logistics regression analysis using the SPSS program package. Results : Sex(P<0.001), age(P<0.001), marital status(P<0.001), education(P<0.001), employment status(P<0.001), occupation(P<0.001), health insurance(P<0.001) and income level(P<0.0001) showed statistical significance. Main Treatment Facilities(P<0.001), experience of taking Korean medicine(P=0.032), experience of receiving acupuncture treatment(P<0.001), number of visits(P<0.001), medical expense (P=0.005), and subjective health status after the treatments showed statistical significance for Korean herbal medicine(P=0.038), acupuncture (P=0.001), cupping therapy(P=0.006), oriental physiotherapy(P=0.003), and treatment satisfaction(P<0.001). For subjective health status based on suffering disorders in the past three months, the response of poor health was higher in the group suffering recent illnesses. Statistical significance was seen in hypertension (P=0.002), arthritis(P<0.001), lumbar pain(P<0.001), diabetes mellitus(P=0.001), stroke(P<0.001), hwa-byung (P=0.001), gastric disorders(P=0.021), common cold(P<0.001), ankle sprain(P<0.001), muscular injury(P<0.001), lumbar sprain(p=0.009) and fracture(P=0.03). Also the number of diseases during the past three months showed statistical significance(P<0.001). Statistical significance was also seen in Level of knowledge(P<0.001), route of information(P<0.001), reliability of Korean medicine(P=0.003), insurance coverage(P=0.005), medical costs(P<0.001), and future willingness to use Korean medicine(P<0.001). As a result of the multiple logistics regression analysis, risks of subjective poor health statistically increased in female population, elderlies, medicaid beneficiaries, less educated, higher medical expense, and more disorders during the past three months. Conclusion : Patients' self-perceived health status has significant differences with each variables such as sex, age, marital status, education, health insurance, medical expense, number of diseases.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.237-248
• /
• 1993

Although pantograph has been used to investigate whether the determinents of the mandibular movement were possible contributing factors of TMJ click, there was the problems to understand the role of tooth morphology upon the occurrence of click because of using appliance without tooth contacts. There Were advantages to evaluate the effects of tooth morphology upon the mandibular movements, because intraoral tracing device(Functiograph$^{(R)}$) had been obtained maintaining occlusal contact between the upper and lower natural teeth during mandibular movement. The purpose of this study was to record the mandibular eccentric movement quantitatively performed in 20 adult control subjects and 20 adult subjects with TMJ click and to investigate the effects of occlusion upon the occurrence of TMJ click. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The average ICP-P distance was $3.07{\pm}0.73mm$ in subjects with TMJ click, $2.14{\pm}0.85mm$ in control subjects. There was a statistical significance between subjects with TMJ click and control subjects(P<0.001). 2. The average ICP-P distance was $3.07{\pm}1.14mm$ in subjects with TMJ click, $2.61{\pm}0.96mm$ in control subjects. There was a statistical significance between subjects with TMJ click and control subjects(P<0.05). 3. The average distance of right and left lateral movement was not statistically significant between subjects with TMJ click and control subjects. 4. The average lateral displacement from midline during RCP was $0.75{\pm}0.54mm$ subjects with TMJ click, $0.16{\pm}0.17mm$ in control subjects. There was a statistical significance between subjects with TMJ click and control subjects(P<0.001). 5. The average lateral displacement from midline during protrusive movement was $0.88{\pm}0.54mm$ in subjects with TMJ click, $0.20{\pm}0.23mm$ in control subjects. There was a statistical significance between subjects with TMJ click and control subjects(P<0.001). 6. The average angle of right and left lateral movement was $144.2{\pm}20.20^{\circ}$ in subjects with TMJ click, $138.15{\pm}20.09^{\circ}$ in control subjects. There was a statistical significance between subjects with TMJ click and control subjects(P<0.05).

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제89권3호
• /
• pp.297-305
• /
• 2000

이 연구는 북한산국립공원(北漢山國立公圓) 북동사면(北東斜面) 일대(一帶) 계류수질(溪流水質) 오염(汚染)에 영향(影響)하는 인자(因子)를 파악함으로써 국립공원내 계류수질 보전을 위한 과학적 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 1998년 7월부터 1999년 11월까지 수행하였다. 계류수질오염(溪流水質汚染)을 판단하는 지표(指標)인 전기전도도(電氣傳導度)의 설명에 유의한 영향을 미치는 인자는 탐방객수와 $Cl^-$ 점유비 등 2개 인자로 5% 수준에서 유의하여 북한산국립공원을 이용하는 탐방객수(探訪客數)의 증가(增加)는 계류수의 전기전도도(電氣傳導度)를 상승시켜 계류수질(溪流水質) 오염(汚染)에 영향(影響)을 미치는 것으로 분석(分析)되었다. 다중회귀분석결과 용존산소포화도의 설명에 유의한 영향을 미치는 인자는 용존산소량과 수온 등 2개 인자로 1% 수준에서 유의하였다. $Cl^-$의 설명에 유의한 영향을 미치는 인자는 전기전도도, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, 이온총량, $Cl^-$점유비, $SO_4{^{2-}}$점유비 등 7개 인자로 5%, 1% 수준에서 유의하였다. 또한, $NO_3{^-}$의 설명에 유의한 영향을 미치는 인자는 $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Cl^-$점유비, $NO_3{^-}$점유비 등 5개 인자로 5%, 1% 수준에서 유의하였으며, $SO_4{^{2-}}$의 설명에 유의한 영향을 미치는 인자는 $NO_3{^-}$, 이온총량 등 2개 인자로 5% 수준에서 유의하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.299-308
• /
• 2013

TCDD 독성이 유발된 흰쥐 혈액의 생화학적 지표에 미치는 상엽 물추출물 (MLE)의 효과를 조사하였고 통계자료는 일원분산분석과 Scheffe의 사후검증을 하였다. TCDD 투여 시 감소했던 백혈구와 혈소판의 수가 MLE투여로 급격하게 회복(p<0.01)되어 면역기능 개선효과가 있었다. TT에 의해 감소했던 혈중 칼슘 및 마그네슘의 농도는 MLE 투여 시 유의하게 증가(p<0.01)하였으나 인의 농도는 TT군에 비하여 MLE군이 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하였다. 신장 기능과 관련된 creatinine 및 blood urea nitrogen은 TT군과 MLE군 사이에 유의성은 없었으며, 요산은 TT군과 MLE군 모두에서 감소하였다. 한편 TT에 의해 증가했던 glucose 농도, amylase 및 lipase의 효소 활성도는 MLE 투여시 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하여 혈당상승 억제효과가 있었다. Total protein, ${\gamma}$-GTP 활성은 TT와 MLE의 영향을 거의 받지 않았으나 TT에 의해 증가했던 AST, ALT 및 ALP의 활성도는 MLE 투여 시 모두 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하여 간기능 개선의 효과가 있었다. 한편 Total cholesterol, triglyceride와 LDL-cholesterol의 경우 TT에 의해 유발된 고지혈 증상이 MLE 투여 시 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하여 항고지혈 효과가 있었으며 HDL-cholesterol은 TT군과 MLE군 모두에서 증가하였다. 이와 같이 MLE는 TCDD독성이 유발된 흰쥐에서 독성을 완화시켜 주는 작용이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2003

We consider obtaining graphical summaries of uncertainty in estimates of parameters in nonlinear models. A nonlinear constrained optimization algorithm is developed for likelihood based confidence intervals for the functions of parameters in the model The results are applied to the problem of finding significance levels in nonlinear models.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.243-257
• /
• 2013

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the dropout intentions of the dental technology students of a college. Methods: The subject of this study was 76 freshmen and 74 sophomores of dental technician major in an anonymous college. Results from the questionnaire called K-vision diagnosis program were computed by means of t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Results: 1. Total points of the drop out intention came to 782.14 points. Of the five categories concerned with the drop out intention, complain in college satisfaction(50.12points) was the highest and department satisfaction(47.51points) was the lowest. Of 16 subcategories, complaining in administrative supporting system proved the highest as 50.80 points and Inquiry to Professor the lowest(45.56 points). 2. Among the general characteristic gender (p<. 01), student group (p<.01), and credit (p<.05) made a meaningful statistical difference; no statistical significance was found in grade, admission, and dwellings. 3. Of the five categories, statistical significance was shown as follows; Department satisfaction (p<.01), College satisfaction (p<.05) under gender, Department satisfaction (p<.05) in grade, Academic integration (p<.01), Department satisfaction (p<.01) in credit. No statistical meaning was found in admission and dwellings. 4. Statistical significance was found under 16 subcategories as follows: Career identification(p<.01), Academic support system(p<.01), Social activity II(p<.05) in gender area, Inquiry to professor(p<.01), Learning(p<.05), Understanding learning I(p<.05) in grade area, Learning(p<.001), Career identification(p<.001), Understanding learning I(p<.01), Understanding learning II(p<.01), Inquiry to professor (p<.01), Learning ability (p<.05), Occupation (p<.05), Social Activity II(p<.05), Administrative support system (p<.05) in student group area, Credit (p<.001), Career identification (p<.01), Understanding learning I(p<.05) in credit area; admission and dwellings was statistically meaningless. 5. Of the 5 categories academic integration (r=.766) was most relevant to the dropout intention of the subjects and followed by department satisfaction (r=.735), college satisfaction (r=.554), service acceptability (r=.373), and statistical significance was shown as p<.01. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, we are in a pressing need for the introduction of policies and programmes aiming at preventing the dropout rates of the dental technician majors at college. In tandem with this, qualitative and viable human resource management of the dental technicians should be implemented.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.808-815
• /
• 2017

Purpose. To analyze the refractive status between urban and rural regions, of children in Korea, in the age group of 13. Methods. From October 2016 to January 2017, forty subjects( 20 male subjects, 20 female subjects; 13 years) were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refraction. Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were defined as spherical equivalent(SE)${\leq}-0.50$ diopters, SE ${\geq}+1.00D$, cylinder error ${\geq}0.75D$ and SE difference${\geq}1.00D$ between binocular eyes, respectively. Results. The refractive error by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 76.25%, astigmatism 35%, emmetropia 16.25%, anisometropia 8.75%, and hyperopia 5%. The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism were much more common in urban than rural region although the difference was not statically significant. Emmetropia and astigmatism were much more common in rural region than urban although the difference was not statically significant. The prevalence of spherical equivalent was much common from -1.00 diopter to -4.00 diopter. On the other hand, the prevalence of myopia was much more than hyperopia. There was a statistical significance between OD and OS of rural region in the spherical equivalent power(p<.000). Also, There was a statistical significance between OD and OS of urban region in the spherical equivalent power(p<.004). Therefore, there was a significant statistical similarity between urban and rural regions on the OD and OS in the spherical equivalent power. On the other hand, There was a significant statistical similarity between urban and rural regions of the OD and OS in the astigmatism power(p<0.000). However, in the rural and urban regions there was not statistical significance in the OD and OS concerning the spherical equivalent power and astigmatism power (p>0.1). Conclusions. Myopia was the most common refractive error in Korea young children. while hyperopia was few. There was not a statistical significance as age between rural and urban at spherical equivalent power( P> 0.01). These results suggested that the analysis of the refractive status at young children can give the useful diagnosis data for the correction of visual acuity.

• 한국학교보건학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.75-88
• /
• 2006

Purpose : This study are the secondary data of Global Youth Tobacco Survey(GYTS) developed by the WHO and United State Center for Disease Control(CDC) and Prevention to trace tobacco use among youth in youth in countries across the world. This study was carried out to serve for a basis for antismoking campaigns and to prevent adolescents from smoking by analyzing the smoking by analyzing the smoking realities factors. Methods : This study is a cross-sectional school-based survey, which employed a two-stage cluster sample design to produce a nationally representative sample of middle school students aged 13 to 15 years olds. Seventy-five schools were selected. All schools containing grade 1, 2 and 3 that contained 40 or students were included in the sampling frame. Results : The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The proportion of smoking students in middle school was 6.4% and the rate of smoking in male students(7.4%) was higher than it of in female students(5.5%). 2. 26.5% of all respondent had a experience to try smoke and the results showed that the rate of trying smoking in male students was increased by grade more than female students. 3. According to test of significance in regression analysis, the independent variables such as sex, school grade, smoking parents, friends distinction, pocket money and others showed statistical significance. 4. There was a statistical significance between smokers and nonsmokers in proportion to the completing the preventive education for nonsmoking(p=0.0023) and the acquirement of knowledge on smoking(p<.0001). 5. Finally there was a statistical significance between the exposure to anti-smoking campaign(p=0.0053) and tobacco advertisement in the mass media and the smoking(p=0.0036). Conclusion : All things considered, the health education for tobacco control in school need to be developed from an elementary school. I suggest that prevent smoking program in school need to be revitalized and be made more accessible for everyone who wish to quit. And the government should develop the regulation on total banning promoting cigarette advertising and smoking scene in the movie for young people.

• 한국응급구조학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the level of physical fitness and isokinetic strength, between EMT student and physical education students. Nine a major in EMT student volunteers, and nine a major in physical education student volunteers participated in that study as subjects. The basic physical body composition, fitness and isokinetic strength were measured. The data obtained in the study was analyzed by SPSS PC+ for window version 10.0. The difference in the mean of each variable between the two groups was analyzed by using the independent t-test and the significance level for all analysis was set at <.05. The results were as follows ; 1. There was a significant difference in the basic physical fitness between the two groups with the exception flexibility. The difference showed the statistical significance on back strength, balance and power in physical education students. 2. There were significant difference in body composition between the two groups with the exception of lean body fat. The difference showed the statistical significance on body fat%, body fat mass in the physical education students. 3. There was significant defference in the isokinetic strength between the two group. The difference showed the statistical significance on peak torque, peak torque B/W%. It was concluded that the physical education students may not have an effect of flexibility; however, back strength, balance, power, body composition, isokinetic strength, could be enhanced due to the long-term period of training. Based on the findings of this study, the regular participation of regular exercise help the untrained men achieve health-related fitness.