• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.931-938
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• 2012

The effects were investigated of different lengths and numbers of slitwalls in drainless containers on growth and change in soil moisture volumes on the growth of Diffenbachia amoena 'Marianne' and Begonia rex. Drainless containers filled with amended soil, with square shape ($240mm{\times}240mm$) were used, as well as three different sets of slitwalls (2, 4 or 8, respectively) in addition to non-slitwall containers. Two indoor foliage plants were grown in slitwall containers in randomized blocks with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions, from March to September, 2009. Soil moisture volumes per container were measured by weighing containers every 2 hours during the day. The change in soil moisture volumes showed considerable differences among slitwalls tested in comparison to control containers before and after twice-weekly irrigation. Particularly, the differences in the S2 (195mm, slitwall 2) containers were significantly greater than other containers tested. For Diffenbachia amoena 'Marianne', plant height, length of leaf, dry weight and fresh weight were higher with S2 containers than with those grown in other containers tested. The Begonia rex with the best quality in terms of plant height, length of leaf and width of leaf was grown in S8 (360mm, slitwall 8) containers. Particularly, statistical analysis has indicated that shoot fresh weights of Begonia rex grown in S8 were 3-fold higher than those grown in CS8 containers. The different results obtained within the two species led us to hypothesize a species-specific influence on indoor foliage plant performance. However, plants of both species grown in slitwall containers showed good results compared with plants grown in non-slitwall containers.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.157-169
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• 2008

On the general trends of weight control for slimness, this study surveyed and compared eating attitude influenced by eating disorder, eating habits, and nutrition knowledge by obesity index in middle school girls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating disorders and eating habits, and analyzed these data by degree of obesity. This will provide basic information of nutrition education for adolescents who need to have proper body shape and dieting habits. This survey was conducted to one of girls' middle school in Incheon and all the data was analysed by SAS(Statistical Analysis System) program. The average height, weight and PIBW were 158.7cm, 48.2kg, and 93.9% in students. However, 50.8% of students were underweight or severely underweight. Most of female students perceived that they were normal or overweight even though they had underweight or normal. There was a significant difference in experience and intention of weight control by degree of obesity. In the overweight group, EAT-26 score tendency was high, especially preoccupation with losing weight(factor 1). It shows that obesity index had meaningful correlation with EAT-26 score and factor1. In dietary habit, overweight group showed more irregular meals tendency, and overeat frequently. On the other hand, this group had lower frequency and of smaller amount snacks. The intake frequency of meals and snacks showed in the affirmative way regardless of degree of obesity. The average score for nutrition knowledge about calorie and weight control was low. Correct answer rates were increased in higher overweight group. In conclusion, teenage girls who concerned too much about their slim body image need to be educated about accuracy concept of the body image. Also, practical and systematic nutrition education should be done for the correct nutrition knowledge and its application ability of individuals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1541-1551
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• 2009

This study gives guidelines to pattern designing by supplying various images of the transformed shape of jeans with the location of the waistline and the pants silhouette. For this study, 9 kinds of sample cloths (100% cotton denim) were designed considering the laying measurement of the jeans with the location of the waistline and the pants silhouette. The images of each sample were evaluated after the measurement of the completed samples. Clothing and textiles specialists used a semantic differential scale as the evaluation method of the images. For the statistical analysis of the data, one way Anova and Duncan test were adopted using the SPSS 12.0 program. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The visual image by the location of waistline and the change of the pants silhouette is composed of 3 factors (attraction, fashion and comfort factors) of which the attraction factor is the most important factor. 2. The visual image is positive when the location of the waistline is in the low waist position. It is attractive, fashionable, and comfortable. The visual image is negative when the location of the waistline is in the position of the natural waist. 3. The visual image is attractive when the pants silhouette is a boot-cut and fashionable when the pants silhouette are skinny. The straight-cut is comfortable but the visual image is negative. 4. There is no correlation between visual image by the location of the waistline and the change of the pants silhouette.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11b
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• pp.878-881
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• 2010

For better diagnosis and prescription in Korean traditional medicine, Lee Je-Ma (1837-1900) created Sasang Constitution classification which was divided into four groups of Taeyangin, Soyangin, Taeumin and Soumin based on both body shape and natural disposition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of facial skin parameters (hydration, lipid and pH) on forehead and cheek according to Sasang Constitution classifications of Taeumin, Soyangin and Soumin in Korean. Eighty-nine Korean female subjects were recruited for this study and the average age of them was 19.9${\pm}$0.84 years. The four groups by the Sasang Constitution were classified by questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution classification proposed by Kyung-Hee Oriental Medicine Hospital. Consequently, thirty-eight (42.7%) among the subjects were grouped into Soumin, twenty-nine (32.6%) into Taeumin, twenty (22.5%) into Soyangin and two (2%) into Taeyangin. Taeyangin group was excluded from statistical analysis due to small subjects. Hydration, lipid and pH parameters on forehead and cheek were measured by using non-invasive instruments of Corneometer (CM 825, Schwarzhaup, Germany), Sebumeter (SM 815, Schwarzhaup, Germany) and Skin-pH-meter (pH 905, Schwarzhaup, Germany), respectively. The measurements by the same investigator were performed under standardized condition with a room temperature of $21^{\circ}C$ and a humidity level of 40% to 50%. As a result, hydration (F=25.481, p=.000), lipid (F=5.753, p=.005) and pH (F=5.010, p=.009) of the forehead skin showed significant differences in the order of Taeumin, Soyangin and Soumin. Hydration (F=23.216, p=.000), lipid (F=6.898 p=.002) and pH (F=5.070, p=.008) of the cheek skin showed significant differences in the order of Taeumin, Soyangin and Soumin. In conclusion, facial skin surface seemed to be dependent on Sasang Constitution classification in Korean. These findings indicated that Sasang Constitution classification might be an useful esthetic treatment for caring facial skin in the future.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2012

The purposes of this study are to estimate the stress level of university students, and to verify the relationships between stress level and drinking behavior. A questionnaire survey was administered to 430 university students in the Gangwon area in Korea from November 5 to November 28, 2008, and data from 391 students were used for the final statistical analysis. The most stressful factor was "Worry about academic achievements" (2.86 by Likert-type 4 point scale). The subjects were divided into two groups, a low stress group (${\leq}65.0$) and a high stress group (${\geq}66.0$), by the mean value (65.1) and median value (66.0) of the stress levels. The drinking frequency was not different between the two stress groups, but the amount of alcohol consumption was significantly different ($P$ < 0.05). The portion of students reporting drinking "7 glasses or over" was higher in the lower stress group than in the higher stress group. In addition, factor 6, "Lack of learning ability", was negatively correlated with drinking frequency and the amount of alcohol consumption ($P$ < 0.05), and factor 3, "Worry about academic achievements", was negatively correlated with the amount of drinking ($P$ < 0.05). The major motive for drinking was "When overjoyed or there is something to celebrate" (2.62), and the main expected effect of drinking was "Drinking enables me to get together with people and shape my sociability" (2.73). The higher stress group showed significantly higher scores on several items in the categories of motives ($P$ < 0.01), negative experience ($P$ < 0.05), and expected effects ($P$ < 0.05) of drinking than the lower stress group. Our results imply that university students at the lower stress level may drink more from social motives in positive drinking environments, while those at the higher stress level may have more problematic-drinking despite their smaller amount of alcohol consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.157-165
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• 1989

To recover three dimensional information in Shape from Texture, the distorting effects of projection must be distinguished from properties of the texture on which the distortion acts. In this paper, we show an approximated maximum likelihood estimation method in which we find surface orientation of the visible surface (hemisphere) in gaussian sphere using local analysis of the texture. In addition, assuming that an orthogonal projection and a circle is an image formation system and a texel (texture element) respectively, we drive the surface orientation from the distribution of variation by means of orthogonal projection of a tangent direction which exists regularly in the arc length of a circle. We present the orientation parameters of textured surface with slant and tilt in gradient space, and also the surface normal of the resulted surface orientationas as needle map. This algorithm is applied to geographic contour (artificially generated chejudo) and synthetic texture.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2015

It has been well known that a toroid is the inevitable shape for a high temperature superconducting (HTS) coil as a component of a large scale superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES) because it is the best option to minimize a magnetic field intensity applied perpendicularly to the HTS wires. Even though a perfect toroid coil does not have a perpendicular magnetic field, for a practical toroid coil composed of many HTS pancake coils, some type of perpendicular magnetic field cannot be avoided, which is a major cause of degradation of the HTS wires. In order to suggest an optimum design solution for an HTS SMES system, we need an accurate, fast, and effective calculation for the magnetic field, mechanical stresses, and stored energy. As a calculation method for these criteria, a numerical calculation such as an finite element method (FEM) has usually been adopted. However, a 3-dimensional FEM can involve complicated calculation and can be relatively time consuming, which leads to very inefficient iterations for an optimal design process. In this paper, we suggested an intuitive and effective way to determine the maximum magnetic field intensity in the HTS coil by using an analytic and statistical calculation method. We were able to achieve a remarkable reduction of the calculation time by using this method. The calculation results using this method for sample model coils were compared with those obtained by conventional numerical method to verify the accuracy and availability of this proposed method. After the successful substitution of this calculation method for the proposed design program, a similar method of determining the maximum mechanical stress in the HTS coil will also be studied as a future work.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose this study was to evaluate the marginal fitness of metal copings fabricated using rapid prototyping method and to compare the fitness with copings by conventional method. Then clinical availability of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fabricated using rapid prototyping method shall be confirmed based on marginal fitness. Methods: Ten same cases of3 unit FDPs epoxy models (abutment teeth 14 and 16) were manufactured. Each of ten epoxy models were scanned by 3shape D-700 scanner to be designed by experienced technician, and photopolymer 3 unit FDPs were fabricated using rapid prototyping methodand fabricated using Lost wax technique (LW) with same models. Marginal fitness of 3 unit FDPs were measured by silicone replica technique. T-test of independent sample for statistical analysis was executed with SPSS 12.0K for Windows. (${\alpha}$=.05) Results: Significantly higher mean (SD) marginal fitness (P<.000) were observed in the RP group $(95.9(18.0){\mu}m$ compared to the conventionally LW group $(80.1(13.8){\mu}m$. Conclusion: Marginal fitness of LW group showed excellent rather than RP group. However marginal fitness of 3 unit FDPs fabricated by RP method did not get out of clinical allowance value range significantly to allow clinical application.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.448-453
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• 2012

This study aims to categorize age groups for shoes manufacturing including shoes size and boot tree development for Koreans. In order to carry out the research, the characteristics of different parts of foot in relation to size are analyzed according to age and sex, making use of human body measurement database. As a result of statistical analysis, it was found that the measurement items such as foot length, metatarsal tibiale, foot breadth and instep circumference of a person reached the range of standard deviation and average numerical figures of an adult group (18-24) from the age of 14 in men's case, and from 12 for women's case, which indicates the time of completion of their foot growth. Based on these findings where males of 14 years old and females of 12 are within similar measurement range to adults, it is necessary to categorize the age groups for shoe sizing system into the following four groups: males 13 years old or under, males 14 years old or over, females 11 years or under, and females 12 years or over. The proportional measurement produced by dividing each measurement item of foot parts by foot length was compared in an independent samples t-test, and there were meaningful differences according to different foot shapes of the two age groups of males 13 or under - males 14 or over, and females 11 or under - females 12 or over. Also, the independent samples t-test for the age groups of males 13 or under - females 11 or under, and males 14 or over - female 12 or over, showed similar meaningful differences, which indicates the differences in foot shapes of male and female during the period of growth.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1653-1662
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• 2018

Inspired by the increasing popularity of cosmetic-related mobile application as a tool for instant beautification, the present study examined colors of virtual makeup templates and makeup looks. A survey study was performed by thirty-six respondents to determine the top three desirable virtual makeup templates among nineteen templates. The templates of 'Bella', 'Hilary' and 'Cara' were then analyzed by makeup specialists and color experts for the evaluation of their makeup design and colors. Each color feature of three makeup templates were also evaluated through statistical analysis of ANOVA on the measure of $L^*a^*b^*$ crossed with five types of face elements on three types of virtual makeup images. Overall results indicate that Korean female users in their 20s and 30s preferred a similar makeup concept appeared in makeup template and key worlds. They also preferred a pale skin tone with higher lightness and a slightly higher saturated lip color as an emphasis than other features.