• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.88-89
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• 1996

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.860-865
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• 1997

Brown rice oil contains palmitic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, tocopherol, squalene, etc. The oil including essential fatty acids was extracted from the domestic brown rice bran using supercritical carbon dioxide(SCC) process, and the extracts were analyzed with GC-MSD. The extraction amount of brown rice oil was dependent upon the operating pressure and temperature, and the fatty acid composition of oil was varied with the reduced density(${\rho}_{\gamma}$) of the SCC. About 70~80% of brown rice oil was extracted in 4 hours. Especially, squalene which was not found in solvent extract phase was identified in supercritical fluid extraction phase only.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.759-765
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• 2013

The gene encoding squalene synthase (SQS) of the lipid-producing heterotrophic microalga Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 was cloned and characterized. The krsSQS gene is 1,551 bp in length and has two exons and one intron. The open reading frame of the gene is 1,164 bp in length, yielding a polypeptide of 387 predicted amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 42.7 kDa. The deduced krsSQS sequence shares at least four conserved regions known to be required for SQS enzymatic activity in other species. The protein, tagged with $His_6$, was expressed into soluble form in Escherichia coli. The purified protein catalyzed the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to squalene in the presence of NADPH and $Mg^{2+}$. This is the first report on the characterization of an SQS from a Thraustochytrid microalga.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.116-120
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• 2004

The medicinal properties of Ganoderma lucidum have been recognized in China for many centuries. Active pharmaceutical components include triterpenes. To elucidate the molecular regulation of triterpene biosynthesis in this mushroom, a 57-base pair DNA fragment encoding the fourth conserved domain SQ-4 (SMGLFLQKTNIIRDYNEDL) of squalene synthase was synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pET-32a(＋). The recombinant fusion protein induced by IPTG (isopropyl-$\beta$-D-thiogalactopyranoside) was overexpressed in the Escherichia coli. Using the purified recombinant fusion protein of 20.9 kDa, a specific polyclonal antibody was obtained from immunized rabbit. Expression of squalene synthase at different development stages of Ganoderma lucidum was analyzed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1301-1305
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of KEM and SAF appication on contents change of fatty acids and organic acid of perilla(Perilla Frutescens Britton). Contenst of squalene in perilla leaves on control and KEM/SAF treated were 3.39 mg and 4.22 mg, respectively. Therefore the squalene quantity of KEM/SAF treated leaves was 24.2% more than that of control. A total 6 fatty acids in perilla leaves were analyzed in this study. Percentage of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid in perilla leaves were 20 and 80%, respectively. Contents of phytosterols in perilla leaf such as campesterol and sitosterol were 2.0 and 20.0 mg, respectively. Therefore sitosterol content was 10 fold more than that of campesterol. The KEM/SAF application on perilla leaf was effective on the change of squalene or phytosterol contents. However effect of that was negligible on the change of fatty acid content.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.235-238
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• 2006

Exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP) is an uncommon condition resulting from aspiration or inhalation of vegetable, animal or mineral oil. It results in foreign body type inflammatory reaction of the lung and can show various clinical presentations from asymptomatic incidental finding to severe pneumonia leading to acute respiratory failure. Although many cases have been reported, severe ELP requiring steroid or whole lung lavage for treatment is rare. We report a case of 51-year old man with esophageal cancer who developed severe ELP following ingestion of large dose shark oil (Squalene) and successfully treated with prednisolone.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2010

The medicinal plant Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) contains various phytosterols and bioactive triterpene saponins (ginsenosides). Squalene synthase catalyzes the first committed step in ginsenoside biosynthesis. Transgenic plants of P. ginseng were generated by introducing the squalene synthase gene derived from P. ginseng. Adventitious roots of the transgenic ginseng grew best in B5 medium, and 2 g of inoculum secured an optimal growth rate. Two phytohormones, indolebutyric acid and 1-naphtalene acetic acid, increased root growth and decreased ginsenoside production. Treatment with two selected elicitors, chitosan and jasmonic acid, and a precursor of the isoprenoid pathway, mevalonic acid, enhanced ginsenoside production and retarded ginseng growth rate.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

In experiment 1, rats (n＝6) fed diet containing 10 g/kg cholesterol for 4 wk (control) with either no amaranth (control), amaranth grain (300 g/kg, AG) or amaranth oil (90 g/kg, AO). Both the AG and AO groups had lower concentration of serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride than the controls (p < 0.05). Fecal excretions of cholesterol and bile acid in AO group increased about 4 fold and 2 fold, respectively, while AG affected only bile acid excretion (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, rats (n＝6) were fed the cholesterol diet for 4 wk and injected intraperitoneally with saline (control) or amaranth squalene (AS) for 7d. The hypolipidemic effect of AS was evident in both serum and liver. Fecal excretions of cholesterol and bile acid were greater (p < 0.05) in AS than control. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase activity was reduced in AS group (11.6%, p=0.13). This study suggests that the cholesterol-lowering effect of AS is mediated by greater fecal elimination of steroids through interference with cholesterol absorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1503-1508
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Squalene, Alkoxy Glycerol, Batyl and Chimyl solutions on the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- $\alpha$ ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells after treatment of C.albicans. The cytotoxic effects was evaluated by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). All solutions did not affect on the LDH and NO production by itself. At 6th hour, the TNF- $\alpha$ and IL-6 production was not affected by each solutions. However, at 24th hour, the TNF- $\alpha$ and IL-6 production was affected by itself (p < 0.05). Each solution in the presence of C. albicans decreased the C. albicans-induced TNF- $\alpha$ and IL-6 production compared with C. albicans only (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). These results suggest that Squalene, Alkoxy Glycerol, Batyl and Chimyl solutions will increase the immune response on the C. albicans-induced damage.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1999

Background : Recently, there are many patients with lipoid pneumonia by ingestion of shark liver oil in Korea, but only a few animal experimentations have been carried out. The purpose of this study is to evaluate sequential change of the lung after aspiration of shark liver oil and to provide the radiologic-pathologic correlation. Methods: A single intratracheal administration of shark liver oil was given to 14 white rabbits. They were then sacrificed sequentially from 1 week to 6 weeks after injection. We investigated the HRCT and pathologic findings Results: One was sudden death immediately after injection. Six of the 13 rabbits showed pneumonic infiltrations on the HRCT. There were air space consolidation with air-bronchogram on the HRCT of the first week. They were associated with the volume loss in the 4th week, and the traction bronchiectasis in the 6th week. The important pathologic findings were peribronchial alveolar inflammation with septal widening and cuboidal metaplasia of the alveolar wall. The number of macrophages in an alveoli was peaked in the second week and then gradually decreased. On the 6th week, we could find the proliferation of fibroblasts. Conclusion: We can prove the development of lipoid pneumonia after aspiration of squalene by animal experimentation, and the understanding of HRCT and pathologic findings may be helpful in proper evaluation of pneumonia due to aspiration of fish-extracted lipid.