• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2012

A 12-week repeated-dose oral toxicity study of water-soluble Orostachys japonicus extract (WOJ) was performed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of both genders. Each group of ten rats was orally administered in doses of either 0 or 250 mg/day over a 12-week period. As a result, no WOJ-related changes were observed in terms of survival rate, clinical signs, body weight, or food intake. In addition, no difference in organ weight between the control and treated groups was detected. Furthermore, serum biochemistry parameters revealed some changes within normal ranges although significant decreases in total-bilirubin in the females. In spite of some alterations in serum biochemistry, the clinical signs, body weight changes from food intake, and autoptical remarks indicated that WOJ was not toxic. This study suggests that repeated treatment of O. japonicus very low toxicity and the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect dose) of WOJ exceeds 250 mg/kg in the SD rats.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 1975

Activities of serum alkaline phosphatase(SALP) and serum acid phosphatase (SACP) have been assayed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acclimated to $30^\\circ C$ and $33^\\circ C$for 240 hours and 64 hours, respectively. The alteration in the activities of SALP and SACP in rats acclimated to $33^\\circ C$ was generally greater than those acclimated to $30^\\circ C$. The SACP and SALP activities of the rats acclimated to $30^\\circ C$ showed generally a persistently high levels in comparison to the control. It may be inferred that the SALP and SACP positibly be involved directly or indirectly in thermoregulation during acclimation to $30^\\circ C$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.371-381
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• 2015

The object of this study was to obtain single oral dose toxicity of Arisaema Rhizome (Arisaema amurense f. serratum (Nakai) Kitag) aqueous extracts. Arisaema Rhizome (Chunnamsong in Korean) is one of the most important folk remedy plants used in Asia. In the study, a 28-day rat oral gavage study has been conducted with the extracts from Arisaema Rhizome at dose of 1,250, 2,500 and 5,000 ㎎/㎏/day. The following endpoints were evaluated: clinical observations, body weight, gross and microscopic pathology, clinical chemistry, and hematology. Based on the analysis of these endpoints, it was estimated that NOEL (no observed effect level) for male rats and NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) for female rats are 5000 ㎎/㎏/day of the water-extracts from Arisaema Rhizome.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2015

Objectives To assess the safety of Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture by analyzing the potential single-dose intramuscular toxicity of Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at various dose levels in SD (Spraque-Dawley) rats and Beagle dogs. Methods For evaluation of single-dose intramuscular toxicity of Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture, 40 SD rats (20 male and 20 famale) and 4 Beagle dogs (2 male and 2 female) were used. The rats were divided in four groups of 10 each, and treated intramuscularly with Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at doses of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg in distilled water, and distilled water as a vehicle control group, respectively. The Beagle dogs were divided into two groups of 2 each, and treated intramuscularly with Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at doses of 0.15, and 0.3 mg/kg in distilled water, respectively, and signs of toxicity were observed. After a wash-out period of 3 days, the procedure was repeated with Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture at doses of 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg in distilled water, respectively. Mortality, body weight changes, and necropsy findings were examined during the study period. Results There were no mortalities in either the SD rats or Beagle dogs. There were also no significant differences in adverse effects, body weight, or necropsy findings between the Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture and control groups. Conclusions There results suggest that the lethal dose 50 ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (ALD) value of the test substance Shinbaro3 Pharmacopuncture are higher than 1.2 mg/kg in SD rats and Beagle dogs.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2005

From the RT-PCR amplifications using mRNA templates isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat brains, we isolated a cDNA fragment of 1,524 bp which covered the full coding information of the rat brain CYP2El. Its nucleotide sequence was identical to the previously reported rat liver CYP2El mRNA except for the difference of one base (A to C at the nucleotide position 73). This difference also altered the amino acid Lys to GIn. However, no insertion or deletion of nucleotide(s) which could alter the reading frame was found within the structure of this rat brain CYP2El. This study should provide the molecular basis regarding the pathophysiological function of CYP2El in the brain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.580-588
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of decreased locomotor activity on mass, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of ipsilateral and contralateral hindlimb muscles 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model. Methods: The rat model was established by direct injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 50 ${mu}g$) into the left substantia nigra after stereotaxic surgery. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of two groups; the Parkinson's disease group (PD; n=17) and a sham group (S; n=8). Locomotor activity was assessed before and 21 days after the experiment. At 22 days after establishing the rat model, all rats were anesthetized and soleus and plantaris muscles were dissected from both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. The brain was dissected to identify dopaminergic neuronal death of substantia nigra in the PD group. Results: The PD group at 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model showed significant decrease in locomotor activity compared with the S group. Weights and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of the contralateral soleus muscle of the PD group were significantly lower than those of the S group. Conclusion: Contralateral soleus muscle atrophy occurs 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 1984

The effect of morphine on food intake on freely fed Sprague - Dawley rats was examined Opiate receptor binding assay was used to investigate the possibility of the opioid system involved in food intake regulation of normal rats. When rats were treated with 5mg morphine per kg body weight, subcutaneously, the food intake of the rats for the first 2 hours was increased 125% of the control rats. The effect of morphine on food intake of male and female rats were greater when the morphine was injected at 10 : 00 a.m than that in the rats administered the morphine at 4 : 00 p.m. The morphine effect was not significant in older rats and female was more responsive than male rats. In morphine treated rats, opioid receptor density has exhibited 33% reduction as measured by the $^{3}H-naloxone$ binding assay with whole brain homogenate. These results indicate that the increase of food intake by morphine for 2 hours after the injection may be mediated through the opioid system in rat brain.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sodium hyaluronate-Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (HA-CMC) on tissue adhesion after tenorrhapy in tenotomized Achilles tendon of the Sprague-Dawley rat. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight legs of 14 Sprague-Dawley rat were used in study. After tenotomy of the Achilles tendons, tenorrhaphies were performed. Simple tenorrhaphy without any other procedures were performed on the left Achilles tendons (control group), and additional HA-CMC injections were done prior to the tenorrhaphy on the right Achilles tendons (HA-CMC group). Gross and histological examinations were made to identify differences between the two groups, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks respectively. Results: Distinct decrease in granulation tissues and adhesions were seen in the HA-CMC group during gross inspection at 6 and 8 week after the operation. On histological analysis of the HA-CMC group, although increased infiltrations of inflammation cells were observed during 1 week, less adhesion were seen at 6, 8 and 10 weeks after the operation. In HA-CMC group, superior healing processes were seen at 6, 8 and 10 weeks and less fibrotic changes, compared to control group, were seen at 2 and 6 weeks. Conclusion: Prevention of adjacent tissue adhesion was made possible through decrease in collagen deposition and fibrosis by injecting HA-CMC before tenorrhaphy of Achilles tendon. Also, histologically faster healing process of the collagen fibers within the Achilles tendon was observed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.656-661
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• 2005

The study was conducted to investigate per oral (PO) effects of Black raspberry wine on testosterone levels in Sprague-Dawley rats oral administrated with Methoxychlor in order to establish the experimental clinical model for evaluating the influences on the sexual hormones of SD-Rat administrated with Methoxychlor(MET), it was dissolved in acetone and olive oil (1:19), which was administrated orally at doses of 200mg/kg body weight/ day for 7days. Black raspberry wine of 13% alcohol concentration, was prepared from ripen fruits of Rubus coreanus fermented with Saccharomyces cervisiae. PO administration of Black raspberry wine for 15 week produced dramatic increases of serum testosterone levels. Increase in the testosterone level was observed, using gamma counter with 125I testosterone, starting from 1 week post administration. Maximum increase in testosterone level was observed at 4 week post administration, 5.18${\pm}$0.76ng/mL, which was 10.1 times higher than before and at 15 weeks post administration it was recorded as 1.67${\pm}$0.19ng/mL indicating Black raspberry wine as an effective phyto-testosteronic beverage of the future.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2019

Background: Increases in the average global temperature cause heat stress-induced disorders by disrupting homeostasis. Excessive heat stress triggers an imbalance in the immune system; thus protection against heat stress is important to maintain immune homeostasis. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as a herbal medicine and displays beneficial biological properties. Methods: We investigated the protective effects of Korean ginseng extracts (KGEs) against heat stress in a rat model. Following acclimatization for 1 week, rats were housed at room temperature for 2 weeks and then exposed to heat stress ($40^{\circ}C$/2 h/day) for 4 weeks. Rats were treated with three KGEs from the beginning of the second week to the end of the experiment. Results: Heat stress dramatically increased secretion of inflammatory factors, and this was significantly reduced in the KGE-treated groups. Levels of inflammatory factors such as heat shock protein 70, interleukin 6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were increased in the spleen and muscle upon heat stress. KGEs inhibited these increases by down-regulating heat shock protein 70 and the associated nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Consequently, KGEs suppressed activation of T-cells and B-cells. Conclusion: KGEs suppress the immune response upon heat stress and decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines in muscle and spleen. We suggest that KGEs protect against heat stress by inhibiting inflammation and maintaining immune homeostasis.