• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.194-202
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• 2013

Commercial spaces are very sensitive in terms of trend and uniqueness, and many elements expressing space coexist together with brilliant ideas aiming to attract consumer attention and even induce sudden desire of purchase. Coexistence in space is expressed in various ways and out of those ways, representation by material is especially apparent. The application of material does not individually influence the expression of space, but the characteristics of multiple materials applied contribute to the distinction of space through mutual communication. This study intends to analyze how conversion is centered to express the distinction of space through materials communicated in space. The detailed study results are as follows. First, the conversion expression method of material resulted as 'Substitution', 'Contrast', 'Assimilation', 'Creation'. These four was divided and analyzed into 'Time', 'Space', 'Genre'. As a result of this analysis, such significances were shown as 'Contrast' in 'Time', 'Substitution' in 'Space', and 'Assimilation' in 'Genre'. Second, the conflict due to heterogeneity by conversion of 'Contrast' in 'Time' through past and current materials appeared to induce interest amongst consumers. Third, within 'Space', 'Substitution' of natural/artificial materials was noticeably applied. This is evaluated as a constructive way of expressing natural forms into artificial forms further intending to provoke attention and stimulate emotion. Fourth, in conversion through 'Assimilation' in 'Genre', rather than using materials only from other areas, synchronizing it by combining architectural materials is an effective method. Such results are thought to be a distinctive design method that draws attention of customers by communicating disparate materials in commercial space. Thus, the study results are expected to be utilized as an elementary resource in designing commercial space with character and high satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.1101-1110
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• 2005

Recently, Chen studied warped products which are CR-submanifolds in Kaehler manifolds and established general sharp inequalities for CR-warped products in Kaehler manifolds. In the present paper, we obtain sharp estimates for the squared norm of the second fundamental form (an extrinsic invariant) in terms of the warping function for contact CR-warped products isometrically immersed in Kenmotsu space forms. The equality case is considered. Some applications are derived.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.1631-1647
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• 2015

In this paper, we prove two optimal inequalities involving the intrinsic scalar curvature and extrinsic Casorati curvature of submanifolds of generalized space forms endowed with a semi-symmetric metric connection. Moreover, we also characterize those submanifolds for which the equality cases hold.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.425-444
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• 2013

We construct some hyperbolic hyperelliptic space forms whose fundamental groups are generated by only two or three isometries. Each occurring group is obtained from a supergroup, which is an extended Coxeter group generated by plane re ections and half-turns. Then we describe covering properties and determine the isometry groups of the constructed manifolds. Furthermore, we give an explicit construction of space form of the second smallest volume nonorientable hyperbolic 3-manifold with one cusp.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.77-83
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• 2009

Van Doesburg founded the magazine De Stijl with Mondrian in 1917. De Stijl movement was influenced by Cubist painting as well as by the mysticism and the ideas about ideal geometric forms in the neoplatonic philosophy. De Stijl proposed ultimate simplicity and abstraction by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms. Furthermore, their formal vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, red, yellow, and blue, and the three primary values, black, white, and grey. The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition. Vertical and horizontal lines are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements In 1924 their different concepts about space and time were split between Van Doesburg and Mondrian. Van Doesburg launched a new concept for his art, Elementarism, which was characterized by the diagonal lines and rivaled with Mondrian's Neo-Plasticism. The works of De Stijl would influence the Bauhaus style and the international style of architecture.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2008

Underground building constructions are recently more important because the ratio of underground area is increasing in the huge and high-rise building construction projects. For reducing the total building construction periods, it is required to reduce not only the over-ground structural work periods but also the underground structural work periods. Therefore, this study is proposed the non-supporting system forms for single face walls in underground building construction by one of the methods for reducing the underground structural work periods and investigated the applicability of the non-supporting system forms by analyzing the case-study in civil construction project. In regard of construction duration, the results of analyzing the case-study showed that the non-supporting system forms are better than the euro forms with soldier system for single face walls in underground building construction. In addition, it is showed that the cost of these two forms is similar and usage the working space and safety in non-supporting system forms are better that those of the euro forms with soldier system, too.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the continuous forms of time and space that work as architectural design principles of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Jewish Memorial). Continuity is divided into two, physical and non-physical attributes. The former extends from small installations to furnitures, finishes, spatial composition, and even spatial networks that complete architecture, and the latter is tied to time, from traditional to historical, developmental, commemorative or memorial elements. They are inherent in architecture as continuous forms. The Jewish Memorial is analyzed by the analysing framework of these two items. The analysis of the two layers can be summarized as follows; physical continuity is found in the space networks of the Memorial's inside and outside, the undulating spaces, the finishes, the small furnitures and installations, the entrances of staircases, the expanded underground of the ground order, and non-physical continuity manifests in the topological variation of spatiality, the morphological development of memorial architecture, the connection of semantic sense of space, and the superposition of historicity and modernity. These forms of continuity do not aestheticize the German enormity history, but make the meaning of the Memorial into non-superficial, in-depth architecture as a monument. Thus, the results of this study show that physical and non-physical continuity should be considered as the important design principles of architecture that makes the Memorial architecture possible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.7-8
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• 2002

It is a time to introduce a concept of lubrication to space systems. Minimum amount of lubricant should be supplied to a contact interface instead of preparing too much lubricant on surfaces of the earth. In situ controllable lubrication method is wanted to overcome unexpected tribo-troubles in space. Tribo-coating, which forms a thin solid film in nm-scale by vacuum deposition during friction, is a promising lubrication method for space.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.757-767
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• 1998

For a Riemannian manifold $(M^n, g)$ we consider the space $V(M^n, g)$ of all smooth functions on $M^n$ whose Hessian is proportional to the metric tensor $g$. It is well-known that if $M^n$ is a space form then $V(M^n)$ is of dimension n+2. In this paper, conversely, we prove that if $V(M^n)$ is of dimension $\ge{n+1}$, then $M^n$ is a Riemannian space form.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.305-315
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• 2018

This note provides a study of lightlike hypersurfaces of a generalized Robertson-Walker(GRW) space-time with a certain screen distribution, which are integrable and have good properties. Focus is to investigate geometric features from the relation of the second fundamental forms between lightlike hypersurfaces and leaves of the integrable screen distribution. Also, we shall apply those results on lightlike hypersurfaces of a GRW space-time to lightlike hypersurfaces of a Robertson-Walker(RW) space-time.