• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.453-461
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to monitor the soil characteristics and growth of Pinus densiflora and to determine the effect of soil characteristics on growth rate five years after an ecological restoration project in Baekdudaegan ridge including Ihwaryeong, Yuksimnyeong, and Beoljae sites. The ecological restoration project was executed with the forest of P. densiflora in 2012-2013. In April 2018, we collected soil samples from each site and measured the height and the diameter at breach height (DBH) of P. densiflora. Although there was no significant change of soil pH compared to the early stage of restoration (one year after the project), it was high in Ihwaryeong, and Beoljae with values of 7.7 and 6.4, respectively. Also, the organic matter decreased by 70-80%, and the available phosphorus (P) was unchanged in three restoration sites. The decreased organic matter can be attributed to restriction of inflow and thus decomposition of litter in the early stage after the restoration. The tree height growth rate ($m\;yr^{-1}$) of P. densiflora in Yuksimnyeong was the highest at 1.02, followed by Beolja at 0.75 and Ihwaryeong at 0.17. The height growth rate showed negative relationships with soil pH and cations, including Na and Ca concentrations and a positive relationship with available phosphate. The low growth rate in the Ihwaryeong site, in particular, might result from the poor nutrient availability due to high soil pH and the decrease in water absorption into the root due to high Na and Ca concentrations. The substantial reduction of organic matter after five years indicates that the need for soil improvement using chemical fertilizer and biochar.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.190-195
• /
• 2005

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in soil chemical properties of root media as influenced by incorporation rate of a polyacryl amide hydrogel, Stocksorb C. The pH at 5 weeks after treatment in four root media such as peatmoss + vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss + composted rice hull (1:1; PR), peatmoss + composted saw dust (1:1; PD) and peatmoss + composted pine bark (1:1; PB) containing STSB were in the range from 7.04 to 7.30, which was too high. Elevated incorporation rate of STSB resulted in increase of EC in soil solution of four root media with linear and quadratic response. The concentrations of $NH_4^+-N,\;NO_3^--N,\;PO_4-P^{3-},\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+}and\;Mg^{2+}$ in four kinds of root media increased as incorporation rates of STSB were elevated. But the $NO_3^-$-N concentrations in PS media were lower than those in other there root media tested. The Fe concentrations in PV, PR and PS media increased as incorporation rates of STSB were elevated, but those in PB medium did not show significant different. The concentrations of $Fe^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}and\;Cu^{2+}$ in PS media were higher than those in other three root media.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.460-467
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this study is to enhance utilization of the waste nutrient solution (WNS) disposed at the hydroponic greenhouse. Several sets of testing were conducted to examine the effects of WNS: (a) a fertilizer effect, (b) soil column leaching, and (c) crop cultivation. The fertilizer effect test was applied in young radish cultivation by examining the growth characteristics of young radish and soil based on inorganic nitrogen according to the soil treatment of the nitrogen fertilizer (NF) and the WNS. The fertilizer effects and crop cultivation test were conducted with five treatments (A-E): A, non-treatment (water); B, 100% of NF; C, 70% of NF + 30% of WNS; D, 50% of NF + 50% of WNS; and E, 30% of NF + 70% of WNS. The soil column leaching test was conducted with three treatments: non-treatment (water), 100% of NF, 50% of WNS + 50% of NF. As a result, the chemical properties of the WNS were pH 6.0, EC 2.4dS·m^-1, total phosphorus (T-P) 28mg·L^-1, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) 5.0mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) 301mg·L^-1. The chemical properties of the soil were pH 5.51, EC 0.31dS/m, organic matter 2.08g·kg^-1, NO₃-N 9.64mg·kg^-1, and NH₄-N 3.20mg·kg^-1. The results of fertilizer effects showed that the ratio of 50% or less of NF and 50% or more of WNS was high in young radish growth. There was no statistically significant difference between the soil chemistry in the C-E treatments where WNS was mixed with NF and the B treatment where only NF was applied. As a result of the soil column leaching test, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of NO₃ and NH₄ in the treatment of 100% of NF and 50% of NF + 50% of WNS. The study indicates, if the mixed fertilizer of WNS and NF is applied in the soil cultivation of young radish, it will reduce the use of NF and environmental pollution. This also helps reduce production costs on farmers and increase the yield of young radish.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.87 no.2
• /
• pp.276-285
• /
• 1998

The aboveground biomass and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., aged 9, 22, 34, 46, 66 years, were measured in the Experiment Forest of Kangwon National University of Kangwondo province. The site index of the stands ranged from 13.5 to 14.2. Allometric equations (logY=alogX+b, where Y, X is ovendry mass and DBH, respectively) relating dry weights of stem, branches and needles to diameter at breast height (DBH) were developed to estimate aboveground tree biomass. Total above ground tree biomass increased with stand age from $21.8t\;ha^{-1}$ in the 9-year-old stand to $130t\;ha^{-1}$ in the 66-Year-old stand. Aboveground biomass was allocated as follows : stem> branch > foliage, except for the 9-year-old stand which had a greater proportion of foliage biomass than branch biomass. As stand age increased, an increasing proportion of annual biomass increment was allocated to stems. The aboveground biomass of shrubs and herbs ranged from 0.4 to $3.9t\;ha^{-1}$ and from 0.05 to $0.6t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. No relationship was found between aboveground understory biomass and stand age. The mass of woody debris and forest floor varied between 0.59 to $1.54t\;ha^{-1}$ and 6.0 to $21.63t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Nutrient accumulation in aboveground tree biomass increased with stand age and was in the order of N > Ca > K > P > Mg. Average rates of nutrients accumulation in biomass were greatest in the early stages of stand development, and less marked as stand aged. The nutrient concentrations in different tree components decreased in the order of needle > branch > stem. There were no detectable trends in nutrient content of the forest floor and mineral soils with stand age. Understory vegetation contributed little to the nutrient pool of these Korean pine ecosystems. Mineral soil contained the Breast proportion of nutrient capital of the various ecosystem compartments.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 2020

The study was compared for growth and yield of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) crops as affected by various homemade liquid fertilizer (LF), commonly applied in the environmentally friendly farmhouses. LF treatment included UT (untreatment, water), OC (oil cake), BF (bone+fish meal), FA (fish amino meal), SO (sesame oil meal), and SF (starfish). Seasonal pH and EC in SO- and SF-LF rapidly decreased at 30 days after the storage, which were the highest EC of 0.6 - 0.8 dS/m, followed by BF-LF with 0.4 dS/m EC. T-N concentration in LF was the highest on the SF (0.0062%), followed by SO (0.0059%) and BF materials (0.0030%), which were all the great for the K concentration in the LF. P and Ca concentrations were the highest on the FA-LF, with the highest Mg concentration observed on the vegetable SO-LF. Soil EC was the highest on the SF-LF plots of 0.74 dS/m, with no significant differences between the treatments observed on the macro-nutrient concentrations in the soil and leaf. Leaf dry weight, leaf temperature, stem diameter, and plant height were investigated at once per 15 days. UT-LF reduced the leaf dry weight at all the measurement time while the plant height was low at an initial measurement but increased and similar to the other homemade LF treatments at a later measurement. Fruit yield and average fruit weight were the lowest on the UT-LF plots at 75 days after fertigation. Fruit diameter was increased by the BF-LF and SF-LF, with the highest fruit soluble solid contents and fruit coloring observed on the FA-LF. BF-LF maintained high fruit firmness.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2018

The contents of total nitrogen(T-N), phosphate($T-P_2O_5$), and potash($T-K_2O$) are important factors to determine the application rate of the livestock compost to prevent nutrients accumulation and maintain their appropriate levels in arable lands. The concentrations of nutrient, organic matter, salt, water content, heavy metal in livestock compost in circulation were investigated with 659 samples from 2016 to 2017. In order to investigate the fluctuation nutrient contents of livestock composts with the same product name, 19 samples were collected and analyzed T-N, and $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ concentration during two years. The mean levels of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ in livestock composts of from 2016 to 2017 were 1.73%, 1.88%, and 1.66%, respectively. The average contents of organic matter, water, and salt were 38.9%, 40.9%, and 1.2%, respectively. There were found that the maximum concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in some livestock composts were exceeded the criteria of the official standard of commercial fertilizer. The maximum variation coefficient of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$ and $T-K_2O$ content of livestock composts was found to be 24%, 27%, and 50% on average, respectively. In order to manage the nutrients in agricultural soils, it will be reasonable that the error range of T-N and $T-P_2O_5$ content in livestock composts should be recommended to be 27% in mean as variation coefficient in case of displaying the nutrient element in liverstock compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.992-997
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to get the basic information for absorb enhancement of accumulated soil nutrients in plastic film house. The grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was sowing in plastic film house which soil nutrient accumulated moderately and was cutting at major growth period of sorghum. We were analyzed the regrowth pattern, biomass due to cutting time and amount of plant nutrient of grain sorghum. The obtained results were as follows. The heading date after cutting of sorghum in plastic film house was came to about 35 days. The accumulated of plant height were the longest as 379.4 cm in cutting at milk stage. The total biomass of sorghum in cutting at heading stage was 1.73 ton $10a^{-1}$ in cutting at heading stage. The high grain yields were produced with non-cutting and cutting at 10 leaves stage as 75~113 kg $10a^{-1}$ but the lowest grain yields were the cutting plots at booting stage as below 24 kg $10a^{-1}$. The content of nutrient in sorghum plant was low as progress of growth. The concentrations in aboveground sorghum due to plant parts was in order to leaves > panicle > stalk. The nitrogen content of sorghum was 0.6~0.7% in stalk, 1.5~1.6% in panicle and 1.8~2.3% in leaves. The amount of nutrient absorbed in sorghum was 4.2 kg $10a^{-1}$ in nitrogen, 1.7 kg $10a^{-1}$ phosphorus and 7.7 kg $10a^{-1}$ in potassium and the absorbing different by cutting time in order to booting > non-cutting > panicle formation ${\geq}$ milk ripe > 10 leaves stage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.88 no.4
• /
• pp.541-554
• /
• 1999

The objectives of this study were to examine the amount of nutrient input by throughfall and stemflow, and the nutrient dynamics by throughfall, stemflow and soil solution among Piuns koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and hardwood forests including oaks at Kwangju-Gun, Kyonggi-Do. A total amount of rainfall during the study period was 1410.1mm. Of the total rainfall, 85% was from throughfall at the L. leptolepis stand, 84.5% at the thinned P. koraiensis stand, 83.2% at the unthinned P. koraiensu stand and 81.2% at the hardwood stand, showing greater throughfall at the conifer stand than at the hardwood stand. Stemflow showed 2.7% of rainfall at the hardwood stand, 1.3% at the unthinned P. koraiensis stand, 1.2% at the thinned P. koraiensis stand and 0.8% at the L. leptolepis stand, showing greater stemflow at the hardwood stand than at the conifer stand. Ion concentration of stemflow was greater than those of rainfall and throughfall. The conifer stand showed higher ion concentration than the hardwood stand both for cation and anion. The ion concentrations of throughfall and stemflow were higher in the descending order : $NH{_4}^+$-N > $K^+$ > $K^+$ > $Na^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ for cations and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ > $NO{_3}^-$-N > $Cl^-$-N for anions. After the precipitation passed through the canopy, $K^+$ increased most at the hardwood stand, whereas $NH{_4}^+$-N did most at the P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis stands. The ion concentration of soil solution was higher in the descending order : $Ca^{2+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ for cations and $NO{_3}^-$-N > $Cl^-$ > $SO{_4}^{2-}$ for anions. $NH{_4}^+$-N and $K^+$ seemed to be supplied primarily from atmospheric deposition while $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ from weathering.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 2015

Objective of this research was to investigate the influence of compositions and concentrations of fertilizer solutions on the vegetative growth and nutrient uptake of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. To achieve this, the solutions of acid fertilizer (AF), neutral fertilizer (NF), and basic fertilizer (BF) were prepared at concentrations of 100 or $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ based on N and applied during the 100 days after transplanting. The changes in chemical properties of the soil solution were analysed every two weeks, and crop growth measurements as well as tissue analyses for mineral contents were conducted 100 days after fertilization. The growth was the highest in the treatments with BF, followed by those with NF and AF. The heaviest fresh and dry weights among treatments were 151.3 and 37.8 g, respectively, with BF $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. In terms of tissue nutrient contents, the highest N, P and Na contents, of 3.08, 0.54, and 0.10%, respectively, were observed in the treatment with NF $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The highest K content was 2.83%, in the treatment with AF $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, while the highest Ca and Mg were 0.98 and 0.42%, respectively, in BF $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The AF treatments had higher tissue Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents compared to those of NF or BF when fertilizer concentrations were controlled to equal. During the 100 days after fertilization, the highest and lowest pH in soil solution of root media among all treatments tested were 6.67 in BF $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and 4.69 in AF $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. The highest and lowest ECs were $5.132dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in BF $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $1.448dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in BF $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. For the concentrations of macronutrients in the soil solution of root media, the AF $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment gave the highest $NH_4$ concentrations followed by NF $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and AF $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The K concentrations in all treatments rose gradually after day 42 in all treatments. When fertilizer concentrations were controlled to equal, the highest Ca and Mg concentrations were observed in AF followed by NF and BF until day 84 in fertilization. The BF treatments produced the highest $NO_3$ concentrations, followed by NF and AF. The trends in the change of $PO_4$ concentration were similar in all treatments. The $SO_4$ concentrations were higher in treatments with AF than those with NF or BF until day 70 in fertilization. These results indicate that compositions of fertilizer solution should to be modified to contain more alkali nutrients when 'Seolhyang' strawberry is cultivated through inert media and nutri-culture systems.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.498-501
• /
• 2011

The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents are the key factors to determine the quality of organic fertilizers and right amount of application for agricultural uses. The major nutrient contents in raw materials used for making organic fertilizers and products were evaluated in this study. Among the raw materials that were investigated, soybean cake gave the highest total N content at $76g\;kg^{-1}$, followed by perilla cake ($70g\;kg^{-1}$), rape seed oil cake ($66g\;kg^{-1}$), cotton seed cake ($54g\;kg^{-1}$), and rice bran ($22g\;kg^{-1}$). We investigated 43 organic fertilizers and our results showed widely varied concentrations of major nutrients : total N at $30.5-139g\;kg^{-1}$, total $P_2O_5$ at $2.3-96.3g\;kg^{-1}$, and total $K_2O$ at $0.1-29.3g\;kg^{-1}$. Our study would like to emphasize the importance of nutrient content labeling in packed organic fertilizers to be able to know its efficiency and for determining the right amount for application.