• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate present status of use about antimicrobial agent (triclosan, ethanol) and preservatives (sodium benzoate, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate) in dentifrice. 75 samples including 16 mouthwashes were analyzed in this study. Contents of triclosan and preservatives were analyzed using by HPLC and ethanol was analyzed by headspace-GC. Preservatives were detected from total 37 samples, which are suitable for the legal limits in Korea. Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate was detected from 26 samples (0.003~0.19%), propyl p-hydroxybenzoate was detected from 11 samples (0.002~0.02%) and sodium benzoate was detected from 14 samples (0.1~0.3%), respectively. Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate was detected from 6 samples (0.03~0.19%), propyl p-hydroxybenzoate was detected from 1 samples (0.01%) and sodium benzoate was detected form 5 samples (0.1~0.2%) in 20 dentifrice for children. Triclosan was not detected from 75 samples. Ethanol was detected from 16 samples (4.9~21.9%) in 19 samples; among them three samples showed the higher contents (20.5~21.9%) but ethanol contents was not labeled in these samples.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety of the wet tissues. In this study, we analyzed sterilizing preservatives and the presence of harmful substances in 62 wet tissue samples in the market. The contents of preservatives, formaldehyde and methanol were analyzed by HPLC and headspace-GC, respectively. Cetylpyridinium chloride was detected as 7-13 ppm in 5 samples. Sodium benzoate was detected in 46 samples ranging from 200 ppm to 3500 ppm, and 9 ppm of methylparahydroxy benzoate was detected in 1 sample. Propylparahydroxy benzoate was not detected in any samples. 5 ppm of methylchloroisothiazolinone and 140 ppm of methylisothiazolinone were detected in 1 sample. Formaldehyde was detected as $0.0069-1.796{\mu}g/g$ in 59 samples. Methanol was detected ranging from 2 ppm to 51 ppm in 22 samples, and 4 samples showed more than 20 ppm of the legal limit. The pH of the wet tissues was 4.0 to 8.2. Continuous investigation and monitoring are necessary to ensure safe distribution of products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2008

This paper describes the application of bioluminescence stimulating agents on a genetically engineered microorganism, Pseudomonas putida mt-2 KG1206, to monitor toluene analogs using in groundwater samples from petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. The maximum bioluminescent response with pure chemicals followed in the order: m-methyl benzyl alchohol > m-toluate > toluene > m-xylene > benzoate > p-xylene > o-xylene. Generally, the bioluminescence production of strain mixed with groundwater samples was dependent on the contaminated total inducer concentrations. However, few samples showed opposite results, where these phenomena may be caused by the complexicity of environmental samples. Two chemicals, SL(sodium lactate) and KNO$_3$, were tested to determine a better bioluminescence stimulant. Both chemicals stimulate the bioluminescence activity of strain KG1206, however, a slightly high bioluminescence was observed with nitrogen chemical. This selected stimulant was then tested on samples collected from contaminated groundwater samples. The bioluminescence activity of all samples mixed with the strain was stimulated with KNO$_3$ amendment. This suggests that the low bioluminescence activity exhibited by the environmental groundwater samples can be stimulated by amending the culture with a proper agent, such as nitrogen compound. These findings would be useful, especially, when strain was used to monitor the groundwater samples contaminated with low inducer contaminants. Overall, the results of this study found the ability of bioluminescence producing bacteria to biosensor a specific group of environmental contaminants, and suggest the potential for more efficient preliminary application of this engineered strain in a field-ready bioassay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 1998

Butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT), butyl-p-hydroxy-benzoate(POBB) and sodium benzoated(SB) were evaluated for their effects on the growth of three Aspergillus strains and two yeast strains(Torulopsis etchellsii and Candida diddensii). The growth of Torulopsis etchellsii and Candida diddensii was completely inhibited by 100 ppm of BHA or POBB. As little as 50 ppm of BHA and POBB significantly inhibited the cell growth. The growth of Torulopsis etchellsii and Candida diddensii was not inhibited by 100 ppm of BHT or SB. BHT and SB did not inhibit the growth and sporulation of three Aspergillus strains,whereas, in the presence of BHA and POBB, the growth of all three strains was affected. The higher the amounts of antioxidants were applied, the greater the inhibitory effects were observed.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2014

Rice can be the contaminating with soil-borne bacteria. Furthermore, the contaminated bacteria can be grown during immersion process for produce wet-milled rice flour. Therefore, disinfectants can be added during the immersion process. Antibacterial activities of the natural disinfectant, fermented rice spent water (FRSW), and the chemical disinfectants, chlorine dioxide (CD) and sodium benzoate (SB), were respectively determined when added in pure cultures of target bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus or when added to immersion water in the immersion process. In addition, rinsing effects for removing bacteria were determined when rice was rinsed with water before and after the immersion process. Antibacterial activities were rapidly increased as increasing amounts of the disinfectants are added to the pure cultures of the target bacteria. Antibacterial activity of CD was the most effective among the three tested disinfectants when added to the pure cultures of the target bacteria, respectively. Those of the same disinfectants were increased when they were increasingly added to the immersion water. However those of the disinfectants were less effective when added to the immersion water. On the other hand, rinsing effects for removing bacteria were the most effective when rice was rinsed only with water without the immersion process. Collectively, rinsing rice with water only was more effective than using disinfectants in the immersion water during rice flour production.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 2021

This study focuses on the preparation of acetaminophen (AP) imprinted functional biomaterials for a transdermal drug delivery using mung bean starch (MBS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium benzoate (S) as a crosslinking agent, glycerol (GL) as a plasticizer, and melanin (MEL) as a photothermal agent. The prepared AP imprinted biomaterials were characterized using FE-SEM and their physical properties were evaluated. The photothermal effect and AP release property for functional biomaterials were examined with the irradiation of near infrared (NIR) laser (1.5 W/cm²). When the NIR laser was irradiated on functional biomaterials with/without the addition of MEL, the temperature of MEL added biomaterial increased from 25 ℃ to 41 ℃, whereas the biomaterial without MEL increased from 25 ℃ to 28 ℃. Results indicate that there is the photothermal effect of prepared biomaterial with the addition of MEL. Based on the results, AP release properties were evaluated using standard buffer solutions and artificial skin. It was found that AP release rates of MEL added AP loaded biomaterials were 1.2 times faster than those of MEL non-added AP loaded biomaterials when irradiating with NIR laser. We envision that the developed functional biomaterials can be utilized for an acute pain-killing treatment.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 1995

Tests were performed on 232 bacterial strains (71 strains of Pseudomonas tolaasii and 161 white line reacting organisms, WLRO) isolated from cultivated mushrooms. As results, P. tolaasii was divided into 5 groups on the basis of the phenotypical characteristics for the strains, and group 3 was the major one including 48 (62%) out of the total 71 strains. WLRO were classified into 23 groups, and group 10 was the major group (65 strains, 30% of the total WLRO tested). A white line was well formed at 22$^{\circ}C$ and at 4 mm distance between P. tolaasii and WLRO colonies in their dual culture on Pseudomonas agar F medium within 36-hr incubation, but not formed at $25^{\circ}C$ even for 72-hr incubation. The morphological, cultural and biological properties of P. tolaasii group 3, and the main group of WLRO, group 10, were different only in the light of pathogenicity. Also group 2 of P. tolaasii had the characteristics similar to group 24 of WLRO which was pathogenic to cultivated mushrooms, suggesting the P. tollaasiii and WLRO strains may be the same species although their white line forming ability and pathogenicity were more or less different from one another. Subculture of the strains in P. tolaasii group 1 induced the variation of their pathogenicity, white line forming ability and utilization of sodium benzoate and sodium tartrate, and thus it can be inferred that they were converted to strains having the characteristics of group 3 or WLRO groups.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1 s.34
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• pp.47-54
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• 1984

Effect of ascorbic acid on various hepatic ethanol metabolizing enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH), the microsomal . ethanol oxidizing system(MEOS), and catalase was quantitatively evaluated in liver microsomal and cytosolic preparation from Sprague-Dowley rats. In present study, ADH activities were no changed significantly by ascorbic acid. The MEOS activity, dependent on NADPH and $O_2$, was affected by azide (inhibitor of catalase) or exogenous catalase. In the presence of ascorbic acid, ethanol oxidation by rat liver microsomal preparation reacted with NADPH-generating system was increased by up to 22.5%, but decreased when liver microsome was reacted with $H_2O_2$ generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Increase in the activity of the MEOS in the presence of ascorbic acid was greater in liver microsomal preparation pretreated with azide. Also ascorbic acid oxidized ethanol nonenzymatically. This ethanol oxidation induced by ascorbic acid was inhibited by OH radical scavengers (thiourea, sodium benzoate), but was not much affected by superoxide dismutase. From these results it was suggested that ascorbic acidcould interact directly with the MEOS, then promote the oxidation of ethanol. And, to some extent, ${\cdot}OH$-radicals or other radicals generated during the spontaneous autooxidation of ascorbic acid may be responsible for the production of acetaldehyde from ethanol.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.547-557
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• 2016

This review discusses the status, antimicrobial mechanisms, application, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems. Conventional preservatives are synthetic chemical substances including nitrates/nitrites, sulfites, sodium benzoate, propyl gallate, and potassium sorbate. The use of artificial preservatives is being reconsidered because of concerns relating to headache, allergies, and cancer. As the demand for biopreservation in food systems has increased, new natural antimicrobial compounds of various origins are being developed, including plant-derived products (polyphenolics, essential oils, plant antimicrobial peptides (pAMPs)), animal-derived products (lysozymes, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, ovotransferrin, antimicrobial peptide (AMP), chitosan and others), and microbial metabolites (nisin, natamycin, pullulan, ε-polylysine, organic acid, and others). These natural preservatives act by inhibiting microbial cell walls/membranes, DNA/RNA replication and transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Natural preservatives have been recognized for their safety; however, these substances can influence color, smell, and toxicity in large amounts while being effective as a food preservative. Therefore, to evaluate the safety and toxicity of natural preservatives, various trials including combinations of other substances or different food preservation systems, and capsulation have been performed. Natamycin and nisin are currently the only natural preservatives being regulated, and other natural preservatives will have to be legally regulated before their widespread use.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 1995

Intact cells of Acinetobacter sp. T5-7 completely degraded trichloroethylene (TCE) following growth with phenol. This strain could grow on at least eleven aromatic compounds, e.g., benzaldehyde, benzene, benzoate, benzylalochol, catechol, caffeic acid, 2.4-D, p-hydroxybenzoate, phenol, protocatechuate and salicylate, and did grow on alkane, such as octane. But except phenol, other aromatic compounds did not induced TCE degradation. Phenol biotransformation products, catechol was identified in the culture media. However, catechol-induced cells did not degrade TCE. So we assumed that phenol hydroxylase was responsible for the degradation of TCE. The isolate T5-7 showed growth in MM2 medium containing sodium lactate and catechol rather than phenol, but did not display phenol hydroxyalse activity, suggesting induction of enzyme synthesis by phenol. Phenol hydroxylase activity was independent of added NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide but was dependent on NADPH addition. Degradation of phenol produced catechols which are then cleaved by meta-fission. We identified catechol-2.3-dioxygenase by active staining of polyacrylamide gel.