• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.73-90
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• 2005

Objectives: Smokers who had failed to quit smoking were frequently reported that life stress mostly interrupted their abstention. Stress vulnerability model for smoking cessation has been considered, and most of contemporary smoking cessation programs help smokers develop coping strategies for stressful situations. This study aims to investigate the appropriate coping styles for stress of abstention from smoking. The result of investigating the relationship between abstention following smoking cessation program and coping styles would suggest useful information for those who want to stop smoking and health practitioners who help them. Methods: Participants were 69 smokers (62 males, 7 females) participated in a hospitalized smoking cessation program, whose mean age was 44.89 (SD=9.61). Participants took medical test and completed questionnaires and psychological tests including: Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and Multidimensional Coping Scale. To identify participants' abstention, researchers followed them for 2 years. To identify whether abstained or not and encourage them to abstain, researchers called them on the telephone once a week for 3 months. After 3 months, they were contacted every other week till 6 months passed since they left smoking cessation program. And they were contacted once a month for other 18months. Researchers also contacted their family to identify their abstention. Data Mining Decision Tree was performed with 37 variables (13 variables for the coping styles and 24 smoking-related variables) by Answer Tree 3.0v Results: Forty four (63.8%) out of sixty nine for 2 weeks, 34 (49.3%) for 6 months, 25 (36.2%) abstained for 1 year, and 22 (31.9%) abstained for 2 years. Participants of this study abstained average of 286.77 days from smoking. Included variables of a Decision Tree model for this study were positive interpretation, emotional expression, self-criticism, restraint and emotional social support seeking. Decision Tree model showed that those (n=9) who did not interpret positively (<=7.5) and criticized themselves (>6.5) abstained 23 days only, while those (n=9) who interpreted positively (>7.5), expressed their emotion freely (>6.5), and sought social support actively (>11.5) abstained 730 days, till last day of the investigation. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that certain coping styles such as positive interpretation, emotional expression, self-criticism, restraint and emotional social support seeking were important factors for long-term abstention from smoking. These findings reiterate the role of stress for abstention from smoking and suggest a model of coping styles for successful abstention from smoking. Despite of limitation of this study, it might help smokers who want to stop smoking and health practitioners who help them.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.245-258
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• 2010

Smoking has been identified not as a major risk factor for circulatory and respiratory diseases but also as causes of various oral diseases. A number of clinical studies and regional health surveys have found an association between smoking and poor oral health status and between smoking and prognosis of dental treatments. However, there is few studies about status of smoking cessation treatment and policies in dentistry in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking patterns of outpatients and outcomes of short-term smoking cessation treatment in dental hospitals in Korea and, subsequently, to seek further smoking cessation services in dentistry. This study was sponsored by Korean Dental Association (KDA) and department of culture and welfare. 825 dental patients were voluntarily participated in a 4-week smoking cessation program with nicotine patch and 297 participants of them completed on smoking-related questionnaires. All participants were recruited from outpatients of 11 dental university hospitals (primarily in the department of oral medicine, oral surgery and periodontology) in Korea during 3-month period from October 2009 to January 2010. The Questionnaires included demographics, duration of smoking, heavy smoking index (HSI), number of thinking of quit smoking, duration of stop smoking and reasons to smoking, awareness of smoking effects on oral health, and their success rate after 4 weeks of nicotine patch program was investigated. The statistical analysis was carried by SPSS version 18.0 program and Chi-square test. According to the results of this study, male in their 30s to 50s were the most prevalent of all the participants and duration of smoking increased with age. Attempt rate to quit smoking (Quit smoking) was the highest in 30s and 40s with duration of quit smoking ranging 1 to 3 months. Emotional stresswas the most frequently reported reason for smoking, followed by habit and pleasure in order. All age group showed high HIS over 71% and awareness of smoking effects on oral diseases such as oral soft tissue diseases, periodontal diseases and dental caries was found relatively high (50~60%) Periodontal implant was the main reason for participation in the smoking cessation services in dental clinics and the success rate of, 4-week nicotine patch program of all the participants was 29.4%, extremely low compared to that of medical clinics. Systemic education for dentists to be able to provide interventions to quit smoking including counseling with the 5As'and development of available measures for smokers is needed as considered that the low success rate of the smoking cessation services in dentistry could be explained mainly by lack of dentists' strategies, experience and attention. Awareness and attention of dentists should be emphasized and their participation be encouraged by long-term, multidisciplinary policies such as establishment of insurance fee, which would made a considerable progress in preventing smoking-related oral diseases and promoting public oral health.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.287-301
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• 2004

Objectives: The development of internet programs for smoking cessation was motivated to quit smoking in the large group of smokers. This personalized program consisted of tailored message to consider the smokers characteristics, and contain the informations on the outcomes of smoking cessation and the skills to be used in the quit attempts. The purpose of this study was to develop the internet management program and information push-delivery system for smoking cessation to encourage the personal intention to quit smoking. Methods: We conducted in 3 steps as developing push service to encourage intention of smoking cessation, analyzing problems of smoking cessation program through the pilot test and suggesting improvements by implication stages. Results: This program is delivered for 30 days. if the participants do not fail to quit smoking. The contents consisted of 13 stages which were divided on starting period. practical period, maintenance period and success period. And push service afforded the tailored message to participants using their e-mail. According to the evaluation of pilot test, the problems of internet information push-delivery service for smoking cessation were the over-tasks per visiting time, recording style of participants, difficulty of terms and sentences, lack of visual effects, absence of follow-up module and unsuitable link with main homepage. Improvements were divided on 3 stages by implication period. The first stage included the immediate improvements as improving link with homepage, modifying menu of smoking information and upload file of notice part. The second stage included the short term improvements as alleviating condition of withdrawal, coordinating start stage of retrial, modifying errors of information push-delivery service and addition of educational materials. The third stage included the long term improvements as development of follow-up module, cost-effectiveness evaluation, reducing contents quantity, introduction of checking style, compensation of graphics effect and review for SMS utilization. Conclusions: This program contribute to improving smoking cessation rate. Therefore this program should be tested in a community to evaluate the effectiveness. To promote the effectiveness, this program should be developed the contents and the strategies for various targets, and established the follow-up system for ex-smokers.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze papers of smoking cessation program into method and effect 13 papers that purblished from January, 1980 to Oct., 2001 in the country and 30 papers that purblished from Jan., 1980 to Jun., 1999 in other countries were analized. The result of this study can be summarized as follows 1) The most of subjects were students(46.5%) and residents(30.2%). 2) There were a few of papers based on the Theory(9.3%). 3) Programs included education(58.3%), reward (13.9%) and support(12.5%). 4) There were experimental design(46.5%), non-experimental design(29.5%) and experimental design(25.0%). The most of papers of non-experimental desigs were significant. 5) Behavior(48.7%), knowledge(15.4%) and attitude(12.8%) were evaluated as a effect of program. Knowledge had higher significant rate than other evaluation items. 6) Programs that was from a year to two years had the highest significant rate.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the smoking type among those who have used regular cigarettes, liquid or cigarette-type e-cigarettes. Methods: The subjects of analysis were 6,081 people who had smoked regular cigarettes or e-cigarettes. For data analysis, SPSS ver.25.0 statistical package program was used. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to find out the factors affecting smoking type. Results: Factors affecting the experience of using e-cigarettes compared to regular cigarette smoking are gender and class. Academic performance, living with family members, drinking experience, and secondhand smoke in school. The factors influencing dual use compared to regular cigarette smoking were gender, class, academic performance, economic status, living with family, drinking experience, and experience of secondhand smoke in school. Smoking cessation attempts had an effect on dual use compared to regular cigarette smoking. Conclusion: Smoking cessation experience had a greater effect on e-cigarette use than regular cigarette smoking.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.354-363
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify factors related to quit-smoking intention based on the planned behavior theory among out-of-school youths. Methods: This study was a quantitative research, data were collected during Nov. 1. 2018 to Feb. 28, 2019, study subjects were 189 out-of-school youths in Youth support Center located in A, B, C area city. The data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. Results: There was a significant differences of quit smoking intention according to age, weekly allowance, participate of antismoking program. There were positive correlations between quit smoking intention and attitude to non-smoking and perceived behavior control. In smoking cessation intention influenced by predictive variable, age, weekly allowance, attitude to non-smoking, and perceived behavior control explain 26.8% smoking cessation intention. Conclusion: We believe that findings from this study will help to develop the specific smoking cessation education program for out-of-school youth's health behaviors.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.469-479
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• 2008

Purpose: We reviewed all the articles on effect of smoking cessation intervention to find out the way of improvement of it. Method: 48 researches were published in Korean journals from 1980 to 2007. The research were analyzed according to: major of first author, subjects, application of theoretical framework, contents of intervention, a term of intervention, the time of evaluation on effect of interventions, research design, dependant variables, and effect of interventions. Results: Research on effect of smoking cessation intervention increased rapidly in the 2000's. At this time. 72.9% of research was published. Most of research subject were students. Theoretical framework were applied in 20.8% of articles. The most common intervention was education(39.4%). The effect of combined program on outcome variable was found to be stronger than only education program. Experimental design was used in 29.2% and quasi-experimental design was adapted in 43.8% of articles. 1- 6months intervention was in 35.4%. The long term intervention more than 1month was found to be effective. Health behavior related index was measured as a dependant variable in 62.3%. conclusion: Accordingly, long term program to apply to various subject is needed.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.61-77
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate program methods for effective smoking cessation and prevention through systematic review of studies published during recent 3 years in Korea. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in DBPIA, RISS, KISS and other databases looking for studies published from 2010 to 2012 that dealt with the effects of intervention on smoking prevention and cessation. A total of 25 studies were included in the final analysis. Three independent reviewers critically evaluated the study quality and evidence of effectiveness based on The Community Guide methodology. Results: Multi-component intervention showed strong evidence of effectiveness for adolescents and sufficient evidence for patient smokers. Cognitive-behavioral intervention for adolescents and child-parent interaction program for adults demonstrated sufficient evidence of effectiveness on the smoking cessation and its determinants. There was insufficient evidence showing effectiveness of smoking prevention programs. Conclusion: Improving the quality and quantity of the intervention studies on smoking could help to expand evidence base for effective intervention methods and strategies on smoking.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2007

Health education aims at behavior change rather than just delivering health knowledge to people. In Korea health education activities in public sector began in 1960 and they were included in the primary prevention program in communities. This article reviewed current health education programs in healthy living practice programs provided by local public health centers in Korea and drew implications for the future role of health education in community setting. Health education has been a core function of the National Health Promotion programs in the nation since the enactment of the National Health Promotion Law in 1995. The National Health Promotion programs are funded by the National Health Promotion Fund which are drawn from tobacco tax. The National Health Promotion programs include healthy living practice programs (smoking prevention and cessation programs, moderate alcohol use programs, physical activity promotion programs, and nutrition programs), chronic disease prevention programs, oral health programs and public hygiene programs. Methods of the National Health Promotion programs include health education, health counseling, health class, health information management, survey and research. Smoking prevention and cessation programs include smoking cessation clinic, smoking cessation education, non-smoking environment program, and non-smoking campaign. Moderate alcohol use programs include alcohol use education, moderate alcohol use campaign, alcohol use counseling, and alcohol free environment programs. Physical activity promotion programs include obesity control, targeted exercise program, and exercise civic group programs. Nutrition programs include nutrition management, obesity management, nutrition education, breakfast eating program, and nutrition counseling and treatment programs. The health education programs in community are not efficient today because there are many overlapping contents and short term goals. Community health education programs needs to be more comprehensive. Workforce development is another big issue at the moment because the National credential program will begin in 2009. Variety of community health education programs should be developed and funded by the national health promotion fund.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.219-229
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. Method: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. Results: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. Conclusion: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.