• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.271-274
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• 1994

The concept of a continuous module is a generalization of that of an injective module, and conditions ($C_1$), (C$_2$) and ($C_3$) are given for this concept in [4]. In this paper, we study modules with properties that are dual to continuity. These will be called discrete and we discuss discrete abelian groups. Throughout R is a ring with identity, M is a module over R, G is an abelian group of finite rank, E is the ring of endomorphisms of G and S is the center of E. Dual to the notion of essential submodules, we define small submodules of a module M over R.(omitted)

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.115-128
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• 2014

Students' argumentation during science inquiry should be regarded important as it could help students to make meaningful connections between theories and experiments and to make scientific claims based on evidences. In this study, elementary science-gifted students' argumentation during small group inquiry was analyzed according to inquiry process. There were three stages of argumentation during students' inquiry. The first argumentation was to predict what would happen(Prediction stage). In this stage, the scientific problem was presented by concept cartoon as a way to start and to facilitate students' argumentation. The second argumentation was to design an experiment to solve the problem(Planning stage) and the third was to interpret the result of experiment(Interpretation stage). The discourse move, level of grounds and their relationship were analyzed to find the characteristics of argumentation during science inquiry. In terms of discourse move, 'Asking for opinion' was the most frequent whereas 'Claim' or 'Rebuttal' were rare. Students tended to listen to or ask others' opinion rather than provide their own claims or critics on others' opinion. 'Rebuttal' was shown a few times only during prediction and planning stage. There was no single 'Rebuttal' during interpretation stage. Students tended to easily accept or agree other student's interpretation of data instead of arguing their own ideas. In terms of level of grounds, students mostly provided their ideas without any attempt to justify their position. Especially during planning stage, students tended to suggest or decide ways of measuring or controlling variables without any grounds. They used evidences only a few times during prediction stage. In terms of relation between discourse move and level of grounds, students provided grounds most frequently when they dispute others' claims. The level of grounds were higher when they advocate or clarify their own or others' ideas than when they claim their ideas. The result of this study showed that the quality of elementary science-gifted students' argumentation during science inquiry was undesirable in many ways. Implications for scaffolding and facilitating argumentation during science inquiry were discussed.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2004

본 논문은 3차원 공간상에서 행해지는 수신호들을 인식하는 시스템을 다룬다. 수신호 입력을 위한 장치로는 두 대의 컬러카메라를 사용한다. 비전에 기반을 둔 제스처 인식 방식은 그 자체의 비접촉식 특성으로 인해 사용자 편의 면에서 우수한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 여타의 카메라를 입력 장치로 사용하는 방식들이 그러하듯이 배경과 조명 변화에 대해 취약하다는 것이 문제시된다. 본 논문에서는 특수한 장갑이나 표식을 사용하지 않고도, 배경 및 조명 변화에 강인하게 입력 영상에서 손영역을 검출하기 위해, 적응 손 컬러 모델과 함께 이전 위치 정보를 이용하였다. 손 영역 영상으로부터 수신호를 인식하기 위해서, 본 논문은 '손 자세'와 '손 궤적'을 기본요소로 하는 수신호 정의 방식을 바탕으로 한다. 확장성 있는 손 자세 분류를 위해서 소그룹 개념을 통한 2단계의 분류방식을 제안한다. 3차원 수신호 영상을 얻기 위해 사용된 두 대의 카메라로부터 얻은 영상들에 대한 상호보완적 선택 방법도 제시한다. 제안된 수신호 인식 방법은 차량 주행 시뮬레이터에 적용하여 실제 환경에서의 적용 가능성을 검증하였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 연소 모델의 사회적 구성 과정에서 나타나는 소집단 활동의 특징을 살펴보는 것이었다. 본 연구를 위해, 중학교 2학년 1개 반을 대상으로, 8개의 소집단으로 나누고, 각 소집단이 3차례의 논의를 통해 연소에 관한 모델 구성을 하도록 MIS과정에 따라 2차시로 수업을 구성하였다. 수업 내용 및 학생과 학생, 학생과 교사의 담화 내용은 비디오 촬영 및 녹음을 한 후 전사하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 소집단별 모델 생성에서 협력 유형은 비협동형인 나열형과 의존형, 협동형이 있었으며, 모델 생성과정을 경험함에 따라 2개의 소집단을 제외한 6개의 소집단이 협동형으로 발달하였다. 또한 연소에 관한 모델의 발달을 살펴본 결과, 플로지스톤설에서 산소설로 발전하는 과정에서 나타난 과학자들의 사고와 비슷한 사고 발달이 보였으며, 이를 통해 연소현상에 대한 이해가 발전되고 현상을 설명할 수 있는 모델로 발전하는 것이 나타났다. 협동형 소집단 중 구성원간의 존중, 리더의 민주적인 태도가 높을수록 목표 모델 도달 횟수가 높았다. 또한 성공적인 모델 생성을 위해서는 구성한 모델에 대한 소집단 내, 소집단 간 비판적 검토가 필요하며, 교사의 도움을 모델 수정과 평가에 활용할 줄 아는 능력 또한 요구됨을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구는 과학 모델의 사회적 구성 과정이 학생들의 현상에 대한 이해를 높이는 과학 탐구의 한 방법으로서 교육적으로 의미가 있으며, 모델링 수업 중 교사의 역할에 대한 시사점을 얻는데 그 의의가 있다.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-48
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• 2000

Nowadays the role of region has been increased, as knowledge, science and technology become important in economic development. This paper argues that a system approach is needed to enhance regional S&T capabilities. Under the this approach, we can identify a concept of regional innovation systems as sub-systems of a national innovation system. This paper investigates Korean regional innovation systems based on R&D budget of regional governments. According to this paper, Korean regional governments' R&D investment is very insufficient. There were no co-relationship between regional governments' fiscal autonomy from the central government and their R&D investment. This paper argues that such a poor investment will restrict the future development of Korean regional innovation systems. Therefore, this paper suggests some strategic options for the development of regional innovation systems as follows. First, regional governments should increase their R&D budget. Second, their R&D efforts should be related with their specific industrial sectors. Third, they should target not only to create new promising industrial sectors but also to enhance technological capabilities of existing sectors. Fourth, their target group should be small and medium-sized enterprises. Finally, regional governments should adopt small and incremental approach to improve their innovation systems.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.15-31
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• 2010

This research aimed for revealing social interaction-based environmental learning elements at the natural history museum. First, we carried out a survey of the perceptual change about 'the environment' concept. It was for confirming whether environmental learning occurred in visiting. Second, we found environmental learning elements through analyzing dialogues among small group members during looking around the museum. Social interaction-based environmental learning elements were classified into five; knowledge, affection, value, skill, behaviour. Each environmental learning element included several sub-elements, so we revealed totally 9 environmental learning sub-elements. By results, we said characteristics and possibility of the natural history museum as an informal environmental educational institution. It is meaningful for extending areas of environmental education.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1945-1948
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• 2004

This paper describes the design and construction of a micro robotic system addressing such important aspects as versatility and low cost for rapid development and test of new control algorithm. The design and structure of micro robots are presented in detail. The supervision oriented concept is designed for controlling a group of micro robots. In this concept, the vision system recognizes the environment and the host computer decides the micro robot action based on the information from the vision system. In addition, the micro robots can be implemented cheaply and small in size because the structure of supervision oriented system is simplest. The experimental results and the performance of the proposed micro robotic system are discussed.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

The purpose of this research is to identify user needs for community space design, especially shared space. and compare them according to social class. Since the shared space concept is new, it will be difficult for residents to familiarize themselves with the new idea. This study used a Small Croup Workshop Panel Method instead of the conventional survey method for this reason The subjects were 6 Panel groups of S people per each group. Bach of the panels included 3consecutive workshops. The results can be summarised as follows. All the residents wanted various kinds of shared spaces for everyday living and leisure activity While there were generally great similarity regardless of resident's sub characteristics, some founed distintively dissimilar. The residents of 20s pyung apartment wanted day-care center, multi Purpose room for meeting and family events, library, study room, sports facilities, and cultural center in order. The shared spaces that residents of 30s pyung apartment wanted were library. study room. common dining, sports facilities. and cultural center in order. The residents of 50s pyung apartment wanted library, study room. multi purpose room, common storage, sports facilities. and cultural center in order. These findings imply some diverse plans instead of uniform ones are to be deliberately considered, This results can be usefully applied to develop new collective housing for different social class residents.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2015

Recently the concerns of aging & care according to the aged Society were on the increase about Home for the elderly facility. In order to moment, the purpose of this study is to analyze planning direction and Architectural Environments in medium and small scale Elderly Care Facilities. This survey are used to investigate with latest building data, which is Long-term Care Insurance Code for the Elderly was started on July 2008 in Korea. The results of this paper are as follows. First, various type of home for the elderly and the elderly group homes are spread out, attached to day care center type, nursing home type, city region type, countryside rural type, near the university and remodeling type. Secondly, per capita room area-$6.32m^2$ are sufficient in regal comparison with $6.6m^2$. Thirdly, Sunlight environments is inappropriate condition as south direction proportion-41.95%. According to the present situation various facility type and model for our baby boomers generation should be more developed with preemptive systems of senior welfare concept.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2009

Globally, the issue of aging populations has become a significant one, and while Korea is not yet in the same position as many other countries, it has been changing rapidly into an aged society. Korea will be an aged society and this will increase the problems which are associated with an aged society. So we are in the urgent situation of looking the solutions for aged society problems. On this theme, a society which is rapidly aging has a growing interest with developing solutions for suitable elderly housing. A possible model of elderly housing which accomplished this is shared housing. Shared housing is more integrated in local society, and is designed like a small-scale house concept. Also as it provides benefits for social, economical and practical to the continuance of independent life, the shared housing which gives the possibility of sustainable life in the local society is a unique housing type and not only an extension of a housing community, but also it an alternative plan of social integration. This study is one of the methods for the proposal of an alternative plan for the sustainable housing using a small group workshop. It aims to understand the housing preferences of seniors and introduce various shared housing types to a low-income senior group and offer new information of the shared housing for the future. So I give the source that senior could think about their housing plan and what is housing preference type. I anticipate that the better elderly environments, facilities and service to the elderly shared housing development in the future.