• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.340-345
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• 2016

The present study determined the normal reference ranges for the femoral and tibial joint orientation angles of small-breed dogs. For this purpose, 60 each of cadaveric canine femurs and tibias from normal small-breed dogs (Maltese, Poodle, Shih Tzu, Yorkshire Terrier) were examined with radiographs and photographs. Axial and frontal radiographs and photographs of each bone were obtained, from which anteversion and inclination angles, anatomic lateral proximal and distal femoral angles (aLPFA and aLDFA), mechanical lateral proximal and distal femoral angles (mLPFA and mLDFA), and mechanical medial proximal and distal tibial angles (mMPTA and mMDTA) were measured. The 95% CI for radiographic values of all femurs and tibiae were anteversion angle, $23.4-27.4^{\circ}$; inclination angle, $128.4-130.4^{\circ}$; aLPFA, $117.8-122.1^{\circ}$; aLDFA, $93.7-95.2^{\circ}$; mLPFA $113.8-117.3^{\circ}$; mLDFA $99.2-100.5^{\circ}$; mMPTA $96.8-98.5^{\circ}$; mMDTA $89.4-90.7^{\circ}$. The Maltese had a larger anteversion angle than the Poodle and the Yorkshire Terrier and a larger mLPFA than the Poodle. In the comparison between the radiographs and the photographs, significant differences were found in the anteversion angle, mLPFA, mMPTA, and mMDTA. The established normal reference values might be useful for determining whether a valgus or varus deformity of the femur or the tibia is present and if so, the degree of angular correction needed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2023

Vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) is an important indicator to predict myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) in dogs. When the caudal margin of cardiac silhouette and the dorsal margin of caudal vena cava (CdVC) could not be seen exactly, another way to evaluate VLAS is needed. The objective of this study was to assess whether a new modified VLAS (m-VLAS) could be used as an indicator to predict MMVD in 57 small breed dogs with MMVD. The m-VLAS was also used to classify American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine staging groups and left heart enlargement confirmed with echocardiograph (EchoLHE) groups. The m-VLAS was measured as the distance from the ventral aspect of the carina to the dorsal aspect of the intersection of the cardiac silhouette and the farthest LA caudal margin, not the CdVC, followed by drawing the same line beginning at the cranial edge of T4. Based on VLAS values and m-VLAS values measured for dogs with MMVD, correlations between these values and left heart enlargement groups were then evaluated. There were significant differences in both the VLAS and the m-VLAS between EchoLHE groups. The AUC of the ROC curve of the m-VLAS to detect EchoLHE was higher than that of the VLAS. The optimal cutoff value for the m-VLAS was >2.7, which had a higher specificity (86.84%) than the VLAS specificity (71.05%). This study reveals that a new m-VLAS is a more specific indicator than the VLAS for predicting left side heart enlargement in small breed dogs. Therefore, the m-VLAS can be used as a clinically useful radiographic measurement alternative to or better than the VLAS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1805-1811
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• 2007

A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of reciprocal cross on the detection and characterization of parent-of-origin (POE) QTL in $F_2$ QTL populations. Data were simulated under two different mating designs. In the one-way cross design, six $F_0$ grand sires of one breed and 30 $F_0$ grand dams of another breed generated 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Sixteen $F_1$ sires and 64 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce a total of 640 $F_2$ offspring. In the reciprocal design, three $F_0$ grand sires of A breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of B breed were mated to generate 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Eight $F_1$ sires and 32 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce 10 $F_2$ offspring per $F_1$ dam, totaling 320 $F_2$ offspring. Another mating set comprised three $F_0$ grand sires of B breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of A breed to produce the same number of $F_1$ and $F_2$ offspring. A chromosome of 100 cM was simulated with large, medium or small QTL with fixed or different allele frequencies in parental breeds. A series of tests between Mendelian and POE models were applied to characterize QTL as Mendelian, paternal, maternal or partial expression QTL. The overall detection powers were similar between the two mating designs. However, the proportions of paternally expressed QTL that were declared as paternal QTL type were greater in the reciprocal cross design than in the one-way cross, and vice versa for Mendelian QTL. When QTL alleles were segregating in parental breeds, a significant proportion of Mendelian QTL were spuriously declared POE QTL, suggesting that care must be taken to characterize imprinting QTL in a QTL mapping population with a small number of $F_1$ parents.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.285-288
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• 2019

A 5-year-old 6 kg male mongrel (case 1) and a 7-year-old 4.3 kg male yorkshire terrier (case 2) were presented to Chonbuk animal medical center (CAMC). Both animals had non-weight bearing hind limb lameness. Case 1 had complete rupture of cranial cruciate ligament with grade 3 medial patellar luxation. Case 2 had complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture with grade 4 medial patellar luxation. During surgery, in both cases, trochlear block recession was performed followed by CORA based leveling osteotomy (CBLO) and tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT). General soft tissue reconstructions for medial patellar luxation including medial releasing and lateral imbrication were also performed. Postoperatively, both animals demonstrated excellent recovery and regained normal weight bearing of the affected hind limb without any recognizable complication. CBLO followed by TTT can be a curative surgical option without complications in cases of cranial cruciate ligament rupture with high-grade medial patellar luxation in small breed dogs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.100-100
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• 2007

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.231-234
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• 2015

This study measured the tibial plateau angle (TPA), a value that predicts cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and a prerequisite for dynamic stabilization, in small breed dogs. The cadavers of 32 skeletally mature small breed dogs without CCLR were used to measure TPA. Differences were evaluated between males and females, left and right limbs, and among breeds. The mean TPA of all dogs was $26.13^{\circ}{\pm}2.33^{\circ}$. The mean TPAs of left and right limbs were $26.00^{\circ}{\pm}2.23^{\circ}$ and $26.26^{\circ}{\pm}2.45^{\circ}$, respectively, which was not a significant difference. The mean TPAs of male and female dogs were $26.01^{\circ}{\pm}1.57^{\circ}$ and $26^{\circ}.22{\pm}2.80^{\circ}$, respectively, which was also not significant difference. The mean TPAs in Maltese, Poodle, Shih Tzu, and Yorkshire terrier were $26.06^{\circ}{\pm}2.96^{\circ}$, $25.21^{\circ}{\pm}1.38^{\circ}$, $26.65^{\circ}{\pm}2.96^{\circ}$, and $26.27^{\circ}{\pm}1.61^{\circ}$, respectively. Differences in these means were not statistically significant. The TPA measured from this study could provide important information for further investigation of the pathogenesis of and surgical techniques for CCLR in small breed dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.481-485
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• 2015

The present study determined the normal reference ranges for overall pelvic limb alignment of small-breed dogs. For this purpose, 60 cadaveric canine pelvic limbs from normal small-breed dogs (Maltese, Poodle, Shih Tzu, Yorkshire Terrier). A frontal full-limb radiograph of each pelvic limb was obtained, and mechanical tibiofemoral angle (mTFA), mechanical metatarsotibial angle (mMTTA), mechanical axis-femur angle (MAFA), and mechanical axis-metatarsus angle (MAMTA) were measured from each radiograph, along with mechanical deviation of the stifle (SMAD) and tarsal joints (TMAD). The 95% CI for radiographic values of all pelvic limbs were mTFA, 5.7-7.4; mMTTA, $-2.2--0.8^{\circ}$; MAFA, $3.5-4.5^{\circ}$; MAMTA, 1.0-2.0; SMAD, 2.1-2.7%; TMAD, 0.5-1.0%. There values varied among the breeds, except for mTFA. The reference ranges can be used for diagnosing pelvic limb deformities in small-breed dogs and for planning corrective osteotomies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1625-1630
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• 2007

A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of reciprocal cross on the detection and characterization of Mendelian QTL in $F_2$ QTL swine populations. Data were simulated under two different mating designs. In the one-way cross design, six $F_0$ grand sires of one breed and 30 $F_0$ grand dams of another breed generated 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Sixteen $F_1$ sires and 64 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce a total of 640 $F_2$ offspring. In the reciprocal design, three $F_0$ grand sires of A breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of B breed were mated to generate 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Eight $F_1$ sires and 32 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce 10 $F_2$ offspring per $F_1$ dam, for a total of 320 $F_2$ offspring. Another mating set comprised three $F_0$ grand sires of B breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of A breed to produce the same number of $F_1$ and $F_2$ offspring. A chromosome of 100 cM was simulated with large, medium or small QTL with fixed, similar, or different allele frequencies in parental breeds. Tests between Mendelian models allowed QTL to be characterized as fixed (LC QTL), or segregating at similar (HS QTL) or different (CB QTL) frequencies in parental breeds. When alternate breed alleles segregated in parental breeds, a greater proportion of QTL were classified as CB QTL and estimates of QTL effects for the CB QTL were more unbiased and precise in the reciprocal cross than in the one-way cross. This result suggests that reciprocal cross design allows better characterization of Mendelian QTL in terms of allele frequencies in parental breeds.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.182-186
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• 2008

An 11-year-old mixed breed male dog was presented with a thoracoabdominal wall mass of 3-year duration. Initial tentative diagnosis of osteosarcoma was made. Despite chemotherapy treatment, 72 days following the date of presentation, the dog was euthanized. Based upon necropsy and histopathologic findings, the tumor was definitely diagnosed as a combined type osteosarcoma of the rib. At necropsy examination, the tumor extended the left kidney and diaphragm, but distant metastasis was not found. The tumor's weight was 2.3kg and that was 38.3% of the dog's weight. This case report describes the clinicopathological, computed tomographic, histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of extensive rib osteosarcoma in a small breed dog.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.70-73
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• 2016

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is a unique idiopathic nonsuppurative inflammatory disease of central nervous system in small-sized breed dogs. A 9-year-old intact male Shih-Tzu dog with anorexia, vomiting, salivation and intermittent seizures was submitted to the Jeju National University for diagnosis. Grossly, there were no obvious lesions in the brain, except dilatation of most blood vessels in meninges. Histopathologically, brain revealed severe multifocal nonsuppurative inflammation in perivascular area of meninges and cerebral cortex. Some areas of cerebral parenchyma were replaced with lots of macrophages contained periodic acid-Schiff positive materials. Many new-formed blood vessels were observed around the necrotic regions using Gomori reticulum stain. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were negative for toxoplasmosis and canine distemper virus. Based on the gross, histopathologic features and antigen detection methods, this case was diagnosed as NME. Here we reported the NME in relatively uncommon breed, Shih-Tzu dog, than other small breed dogs.