• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.64-74
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• 2015

Beetles Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis Kolbe (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and Allomyrina dichotoma Linn. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are widely used in traditional medicine, and the number of insect-rearing farms is increasing in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to establish a multiplex PCR-based assay for rapid simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens causing insect diseases. Six insect parasites such as fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae), Pseudomonas aeruginosa Migula (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae), and Serratia marcescens Bizio (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), and Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus were chosen based on the severity and incidence rate of insect diseases in South Korea. Pathogen-specific primers were designed and successfully applied for simultaneous detection of multiple infectious agents in farm-bred insects P. b. seulensis and A. dichotoma using multiplex PCR and high resolution capillary electrophoresis. Our results indicate that multiplex PCR is an effective and time-saving method for simultaneous detection of multiple infections in insects, and the QIAxcel capillary electrophoresis system is useful for quantitative evaluation of the individual impact of each infectious agent on the severity of insect disease. The approach designed in this study can be utilized for rapid and accurate diagnostics of infection in insect farms.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was designed to test the effect of heating condition and Panax ginseng on body temperature, hematologicala changes, and immune response. Methods : The extract from Panax ginseng was made by the pharmacy department of Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital. The animals were divided into four groups; control, room temperature Panax ginseng (G), $28^{\circ}C$ heating, and $28^{\circ}C$ heating Panax ginseng (heating G). Each group has 8 Sprague-Dawley rats. We measured body weight & temperature twice a week. After 2 weeks of experiment, serum lipid level, WBC, differential count, lymphocyte proliferation and immune cytokine concentration were measured. Results : 1. Simultaneous application of heating condition and Panax ginseng induced decreased body weight and increased body temperature. 2. Simultaneous application of heating condition and Panax ginseng induced decreased AST, ALT and BUN. 3. Simultaneous application of heating condition and Panax ginseng tended to decrease TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration, while application of room temperature and Panax ginseng tended to increase TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration. Conclusions : Simultaneous application of heating condition and Panax ginseng decreseas body weight, increases, body temperature and has a tendency to decrease TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6565-6575
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• 2014

Hamilton's Markov-switching model [5] was extended to the simultaneous equations model. A framework for an instrumental variable interpretation of full information maximum likelihood (FIML) by Hausman [4] can be used to deal with the problem of simultaneous equations based on the Hamilton filter [5]. A comparison of the proposed FIML Markov-switching model with the LIML Markov-switching models [1,2,3] revealed the LIML Markov-switching models to be a special case of the proposed FIML Markov-switching model, where all but the first equation were just identified. Moreover, the proposed Markov-switching model is a general form in simultaneous equations and covers a broad class of models that could not be handled previously. Excess sensitivity of marginal propensity to consume with big shocks, such as housing bubble bursts in 2008, can be determined by applying the proposed model to Campbell and Mankiw's consumption function [6], and allowing for the possibility of structural breaks in the sensitivity of consumption growth to income growth.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.605-615
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• 2017

Efficient simultaneous reduction conditions for $NO_x$ and $NH_3$-slip was investigated in SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) process with load variation by applying dual catalysts (SCR catalyst, $NH_3$ decomposition catalyst) system. $N_2O$ formation characteristics were analyzed to look into possible undesirable reaction pathways. In the experiments of catalyst characteristics, various operational variables were tested for the combined catalytic system, such as $NH_3/NO_x$ ratio, temperature, oxygen concentration and $H_2O$. The reaction characteristics of $NO_x$, $NH_3$ and $N_2O$ were analyzed and optimal conditions could be evaluated for the combustion facility with varied load. In terms of $NO_x/NH_3$ simultaneous reduction and $N_2O$ formation suppression, optimal condition was considered NSR 1.2 and temperature $300^{\circ}C$. At this operational condition, $NO_x$ conversion was 98%, $NH_3$ reduction efficiency was 95%, generated $N_2O$ concentration 9.5 ppm with inlet $NO_x$ concentration of 100 ppm. In $NH_3-SCR$ process with $NH_3$ decomposition catalyst, $NO_x$ and $NH_3$ can be considered to be reduced simultaneously at limited conditions. The results of this study may be utilized as basic data at facilities requiring simultaneous $NO_x$ and $NH_3$ reduction for facilities with load variation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 1988

Studies were made to optimize the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of rice straw to produce butanol using Clostridium acetobutylicum KCTC 1037 and a cellulolytic enzyme preparation from Trichoderma viride. The fermentation was inhibited when the liquid enzyme preparation from Novo was used, whilst a successful fermentation was achieved in the SSF using the enzyme manufactured by Pacific Chemical Co. The minimum cellulase concentration for the successful fermentation of pure cellulose was found to be 4 IU/g of substrate used. Alkaline treatment was better method for the fermentation of rice straw by the system. SSF using 25％ alkaline treated rice straw produced 150 mM butanol, 90 mM acetone. On the other hand, fermentation of ball milled rice straw was mainly acidogenic producing 98 mM acetate and 64 mM butyrate with less than 20 mM butanol. These results show that rice straw contains (a) specific inhibitor(s) for solventogenesis which is destroyed or soluble in alkali.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2010

WLAN virtualization can make multiple simultaneous experiments, each of which is conducted by a separate researcher, share scarce wireless resources in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN. The experiment performed in a virtualized WLAN should be consistent with that in a non-virtualized WLAN. The more similar these two experimental results, the better the consistency. To this end, we propose a novel virtualization scheme that has good consistency by preventing multiple simultaneous experiments from interacting with one another, without any modifications to the IEEE 802.11 standard. Through an intensive simulation study, we confirm that the consistency depends not only on the number of simultaneous experiments but also on wireless channel characteristics such as Doppler frequency and Ricean factor. According to such dependencies, the proposed scheme is optimized, so that it supports good consistency.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

The study aimed to explore media use by digital natives in Korea. To date, Korea is a country that has both the highest level of digital natives and fastest Internet access in the world. The study also intended to deeply understand the simultaneous activity use of different media and determined the characteristics of Korean digital natives. Based on Korea Media Panel Data for 2015, analyses of the digital natives' traits of time-space, media use, and simultaneous use of media were made through a statistic multi-correspondent method. The results showed that spatial attribute and media use of digital natives are homogeneous in pattern and the degree of simultaneous use of media seems to be limited in type. Moreover, the study suggested the new concept of digital natives' media use and the need for various studies showing the relationship between media use and the Internet generation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2013

Bojungikgi-tang has been widely used for enhancement of physical fitness in Korea. The convenient, simple, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for simultaneous determination of four marker compounds, liquiritin, nodakenin, hesperidin, and glycyrrhizin in Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang in Chinese, Hochuekkito in Japanese), a traditional Korean herbal prescription. The column for optimizing HPLC separation was used a Gemini $C_{18}$ column at column oven temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ with 1.0% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid (A) and 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in acetonitirle (B) by gradient flow. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the detector was a photodiode array (PDA) set at 254 nm, 280 nm, and 335 nm. Calibration curves of four components were acquired with $r^2$ values ${\geq}0.9999$. The recoveries were found to range 92.11~105.68% with relative standard deviations (RSDs, %) value less than 2.50%. The RSD values of intraand inter-day precision were 0.07~2.50% and 0.16~1.99%, respectively. The contents of liquiritin, nodakenin, hesperidin and glycyrrhizin in Bojungikgi-tang were 3.85~3.92 mg/g, 2.27~2.32 mg/g, 4.14~4.19 mg/g, and 3.39~3.45 mg/g, respectively. The established simultaneous analysis method will be effective for quality control of Bojungikgi-tang.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.525-529
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• 2014

PEDOT-$TiO_2$ hybrid conductive thin film including semiconductive metal oxide was successfully prepared via simultaneous vapor phase polymerization (VPP). The mechanical properties such as pencil hardness and anti-scratch property as well as optoelectrical properties of PEDOT-$TiO_2$ hybrid thin film could be improved as compared with pristine PEDOT thin film. Physicochemically stable crosslinked $TiO_2$ layer derived from a sol-gel process by FTS was generated in the PEDOT thin film layer by simultaneous VPP, resulting in improving mechanical properties of the hybrid thin films without any deterioration of their original optoelectrical properties. PEDOT-$TiO_2$ hybrid thin film showed better electrical conductivity as compared with PEDOT film. It might be due to the fact that the surface morphology of hybrid thin film prepared by simultaneous VPP showed smoother than that of pristine PEDOT thin film.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39A no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 2014

In this paper, we design SSD(simultaneous single band duplex) system using RF(radio frequency) cancellation and digital cancellation. we analyze characteristic of residual self-interference after RF Cancellation signal when error of phase shifter occur in RF cancellation. When phase shifter error of $0^{\circ}$, $0.5^{\circ}$, $1^{\circ}$ and $2^{\circ}$ occur in RF cancellation, residual self-interference signal power after RF cancellation is bigger than desired signal power of distant station. So, it is impossible to receive transmit data of distant station. but we confirm that it is possible to receive transmit data of distant station by digital cancellation with frame structure. Also, in digital cancellation with frame structure, if residual self-interference signal after RF cancellation is too large then LMS algorithm requires more time to estimate self-interference channel. That is, performance degradation occurs because self-interference channel estimation has not completed in estimation frame.