• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.387-396
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• 1994

Mineralogical and geochemical studies on gold-bearing quartz veins and wallrock from the Mugeug mine were carried out in order to investigate the variation of mineralogical composition and the geochemical behavior of elements with distance from the gold-bearing quartz veins. Gold-bearing quartz veins occur in early Cretaceous medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite. The unaltered wallrock is composed mainly of quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, microcline, biotite and hornblende with accessory minerals of sphene and apatite. Mineralogical changes in altered wallrock around the gold-bearing quartz veins were observed as follows; 1) biotite and hornblende altered into chlorite, and next to sericite, 2) plagioclase, orthoclase and microcline altered into sericite, and 3) calcite and quartz introduced into wallrock. Contents of $K_2O$, Rb, Cs, Au, As and Sb in altered wallrock increase, whereas those of $Na_2O$, CaO, Ba, and Sr decrease with proximity to the gold-bearing quartz veins. The loss on ignition also increases with the increase of alteration mineral. The width of primary dispersion increases in order $Au=SiO_2<As=Cs=Rb<K_2O=Sb$ and $MnO<Na_2O=CaO=Ba<Sr$. The sericitization index, $K_2O/(K_2O+Na_2O)$, is an important indicator to interpret the degree of alteration at the Mugeug mine, which is more than 0.8 in strongly and moderately altered granite, 0.5~0.8 in wea altered granite, and less than 0.5 in unaltered granite. Alteration indices for major and trace elements, and the ratio of Rb/Sr are also useful to discriminate alteration zones.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 1991

Two illite polytypes, 2M1 and 1Md, have been identified from the sericite deposits of the Bobae mine, Kimhae, Kyungsangnam-do. Each polytype has characteristic grain size, chemical composition, and occurrence. 2M1 illite occurs predominantly in the sericitic alteration zone, while 1Md illite occurs predominantly in the propylitic alteration zone, implying that the former was formed in the higher temperature than the latter. Illites can be subdivided into two types based on their crystal sizes;(1) the $\mu\textrm{m}$-sized illite which is below 0.01mm(100$\mu\textrm{m}$) in size and consists of 2M1 and 1Md type, (2) the mm-sized illite which is above 0.01mm in size and consists only of 2M1 type. Especially illite below 1$\mu\textrm{m}$ is premominantly of 1Md type. Therefore, it seems likely that illite crystal size is to some extent related to the polytype. XRD data show that there is no interstratified layer in illites regardless of the crystal size and polytype. Activity of muscovite component of the $\mu\textrm{m}$-sized illite is 0.843 while that of the mm-sized illite is 0.790. However, the latter is more similar to muscovite in crystal structure than the former is. The mm-sized illite has less Al and more Kthan the $\mu\textrm{m}$-sized illite. In both illites, Si contents show a positive relation to octahedral Mg. Fluid inclusion study and mineral association show that the formation temperature of illite is $270-330^{\circ}C$. The major chemical processes leading to the formation of sericitic deposit as well as the alteration zones are the leaching of SiO2 from the country rock and the addition of Al2O3 and K2O into the sericitic ores.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

We used polymers of alternating cationic and anionic nature to build up shells on fiber surfaces, strengthen the worn-out fibers and improve paper properties made from such fibers. OCC and ONP pulps were either dipped or salted out in the cationic polyallylamine, polyacrylamide and starch solutions. After centrifugal drying, these were followed by treatments in anionic polyacrylic acid, poly-acrylamide, and starch solutions, respectively. The shell-enhanced fibers were formed into handsheets and their physical properties evaluated. The results show that building multiple shells on worn-out fiber surfaces can strengthen the fibers and paper. The simpler and more practical impregnation-centrifuging treatment provided the desired effects, whereas salting out the polymers produced somewhat superior fibers. The latter process, were impractical, however. The first pair of polymeric shells imparted marked strength improvement, whereas later layers had diminishing efficacies. Overall, the methods can improve fiber quality, attaining paper strength requirements without resorting to expensive measures. Alternate cationic polymer and filler powders were also deposited on fiber surface based on the micriparticle system in an anticipation of stiffness gains. Platy minerals, such as montmorillonite, bentonite, sericite, clay and talc were added following cationic PAM. After dewatering of polymer-pigment shelled fiber of one to 3 pairs of layers, handsheets either calendered or uncalendered were evaluated. The results indicate that regardless of calendaring, stiffness of the handsheets did not improve appreciably while certain other strength properties showed gains. We also attempted the novel starch gel filler addition method wherein tapioca starch and filers (PCC, sericite or clay) were mixed at high solids content of 50% and cooked until gelatinized. The filled handsheets were dried under various conditions and then tested for their properties. Improvements in strengths of modified filled paper were observed.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2017

The key quality attributes of the pressed powder, one of base makeup products, are skin-affinity and spreadability. In general, there was a limit to meet skin-affinity and spreadability simultaneously, which are opposite attributes each other. In this study, air jet mill process was tried to satisfy two main properties. Skin-affinity was improved by a wet coating of sericite with a mixture of lauroyl lysine (LL) and sodium cocoyl glutamate (SCG). The application of mono-dispersed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and diphenyl dimethicone/vinyl diphenyl dimethicone/silsesquioxane crosspolymer (DDVDDSC) improved both qualities. Air jet mill process has been mainly applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and is a method used for processing powder materials in cosmetic field. In this study, we were able to complete makeup cosmetics with an optimum particle size $6.8{\mu}m$ by combining the air jet mill process at the manufacturing stage. It was confirmed that the Ti element was uniformly distributed throughout the cosmetics by EDS mapping, and that the corners of the tabular grains were rounded by SEM analysis. It is considered that this can provide an effect of improving the spreadability when the cosmetic is applied to the skin by using a makeup tool. LL with excellent skin compatibility and SCG derived from coconut with little skin irritation were wet coated to further enhance the adhesion of sericite. SEM images were analyzed to evaluate effect of the dispersion and uniformity of PMMA on spreadability. With the spherical shapes of similar size, it was found that the spreading effect was further increased when the distribution was homogeneously mono-dispersed. The dispersion and spreadability of PMMA were confirmed by measuring the kinetic friction and optimal content was determined. The silicone rubber powder, DDVDDSC, was confirmed by evaluating the hardness, spreading value, and drop test. Finally, it was found that the dispersion of PMMA and silicone rubber powder affected spreadability. Such makeup cosmetics have excellent stability in drop test while having appropriate hardness, and good stability over time. Taken together, it is concluded that air jet mill process can be utilized as a method to improve skin-affinity and spreadability of the pressed powder.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.43-52
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• 1986

Kaolin-pyrophyllite are locally abundant in the three hydrothermal areas at Yangsan-Tongnae area, Hadong-Sancheong area and Haenam area, deposits are originally composed of acidic volcanic rocks and anorthositic rocks in Hadong-Sancheong area. The clay deposits are formed in the near shallow depths environment through acid hydrothermal alteration. Hadong-Sancheong halloysite deposits are formed by alteration of anorthosite. These differences are mainly on the various country rocks, geological structure and properties of hydrothermal solutions. Country rock is mostly underlain by rhyolitic tuffaceous and anorthositic rocks and a large number of clay deposits were formed during volcanic activity through upper Cretaceous-lower Tertiary. Intrusive rocks is broadly distributed in this area and clay deposits are variable in shapelayer and funnel typed. Zonal pattern of mineral assemblage is as follows, Yangsan-Tongnae deposits-kaolinite, pyrophyllite, dumortierite, andalusite and sericite, Hadong-Sancheong-mostly halloysite, and Haenam-dickite, pyrophyllite, alunite and diaspore. The difference in the zonal pattern of altered rock is considered to depend on differences in the initial acidity of related hydrothermal solution, initial acidity was controlled by the oxygen fugacity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.315-326
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• 1989

The pottery stone diposits of the Cheongsong area consist of abundant quartz with clay minerals such as mica/smectite interstratified mineral, tosudite, kaolinite and sericite. The occurrence and mineralogical properties of the clay minerals were investigated by X-ray diffraction method, chemical analysis, DTA and IR. The mineral transformation by hydrothermal alteration was also discussed. Tosudite occurs in the Beopsoo pottery stone deposit, it seem to be Li-beraing tosudite. Mica/smectite interstratified minerals with less than about 20% expandable layers are commonly observed in the pottery stone deposits of the area. The mica/smectite interstratified minerals tend to increase the expandable layers as the progress of alteration. The pottery stones from this area seem to be altered from rhyolite or welded tuff by hydrothermal solution.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2008

The photoprotective effects of minerals from Korean indigenous ores, consisting mainly of sericite, on UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblast (HDF) were examined. Zymographic analysis showed that the treatment of the minerals significantly reduced the UVA-enhanced MMP-1 activity and mRNA level. The minerals also showed strong inhibitory effect on MMP-2 activity and mRNA expression. Moreover, the minerals were better than polyphenol in reducing MMP-1 and MMP-2 expressions. Notably, the minerals significantly enhanced collagen biosynthesis in the HDF. Inhibition of the elastase activity and protection against the oxidatively damaged HDF cell were also found in the presence of the minerals. Taken together, the ore minerals may be used as the potent photo-protective and anti-skin-aging ingredients which can prevent skin cell damage by UVA.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.269-275
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• 2008

The ore minerals, mainly composed of sericite, talc, and halloysite, were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the allergic inflammation in mice by measuring the serum IgE level, inflammatory cytokine production, and histamine and ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase releases. When the mice were ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged prior to the ore mineral treatment, the IgE level in the serum decreased significantly. The ore minerals significantly reduced the productions of IL-4 and the tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid challenged with OVA. The inflammatory infiltrates, found in the lung of the OVA-challenged mouse, were also notably decreased following the ore mineral treatment. The ore minerals significantly reduced the release of histamine and ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase from the RBL-2H3 cells. These results suggest that the ore minerals may be useful as potent inhibitors of the allergic inflammation in mice.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.809-816
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• 2008

The oriental ore minerals, which mainly consisted of talc, actinolite, sericite, and halloysite were developed, and then used to examine the healing effect on the skin wound in rats. Full-thickness square wounds were formed on the backs of rats after the hairs on the dorsal surface were shaved. The ore minerals were applied to examine the healing effect from day 0 to 15 after wounding. Notable wound healings in terms of congestion around the wound, wound contraction and epithelialization were found in ore mineral-treated groups. Moreover, microscopic results revealed the formation of epithelial layer, hair follicles and progressive angiogenesis in ore mineral-treated groups, while complete epithelial layer could not be found in the control. These results suggest that ore minerals from Korean indigenous ores may have wound healing effect on the skin injury in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 1977

Characteristics of Ham Pyong clay and clay-organic complexes were investigated by means of geological exploration, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, electron microscopy, thermal mechanical analysis, cation exchange capacity and viscosity measurement. The results are as follows; 1) This caly is a transported clay which has black and white colors, and the amounts of deposit are estimated about 1, 600, 000M/T. 2) The major mineral phases identified by X-ray diffraction are kaolinite, sericite and halloysite and the minor phases are quartz and feldspar, these mineral phases can be seperated very easily by the elutriation method. 3) It was supposed that the black colored clay involved a certain clay-organic complexs by the mechanism of intercalation as well as surface absorption. 4) The clay-organic complexes in clay seemed to improve dispersity, to increase the fluidity of clay-water slips, to decrease the firing shrinkage and to promote the thermo-chemical reaction at temperature range up to 50$0^{\circ}C$, but not to effect on the resulted firing color.