• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1139-1146
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• 2007

The vascular plants in the Mt. Manduk was listed 560 taxa composed of 110 families, 345 genera, 488 species, 1 subspecies, 67 varieties and 4 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 4 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Lilium distichum (Preservation priority order; No. 159), Tricyrtis dilatata (No. 97), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151) and Prunus yedoensis (No. 110). Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 12 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Carex okamotoi, Lilium amabile, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Pseudostellaria multiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Stewartia koreana, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia core ana, Weigela subsessilis and Aster koraiensis. Based on the list of approved for delivering overseas of plants, 7 taxa were recorded; Carex okamotoi, Lilium distichum, Aristolochia contorta, Vaccinium oldhami, Paulownia coreana, Asperula lasiantha and Saussurea seoulensis. Specific plants by floral region were total 32 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in class V, Wistaria floribunda in class IV, 5 taxa (Girardinia cuspidata, Spiraea salicifolia, Acer palmatum, Stewartia koreana, Asperula lasiantha) in class III, 3 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana and Caryopteris incana) in class II and 22 taxa (Pinus koraiensis, Hosta capitata, Chloranthus japonicus, Salix glandulosa, Juglans mandshurica, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in the surveyed sites were 14 families, 36 genera, 44 species, 2 varieties, 46 taxa and naturalization rate was 8.2% of all 560 taxa of vascular plants. Wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing. Therefore, continuous control and conservation measures are needed on the ecosystem of Mt. Manduk.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-131
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Gyodongdo island (Ganghwa-gun). The vascular plants from 11 field surveys were revealed to belong to a total of 629 taxa; 118 families, 364 genera, 561 species, 5 subspecies, 53 varieties, 7 forms and 3 hybrids. 184 taxa were the first records from this region. The plants in Gyodongdo island are composed of the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forests which are the common ones in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Five taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura Maxim., Viola seoulensis Nakai, Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa T. B. Lee, Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai were collected. Endangered wild plants designated by the law called 'Protection Law for Endangered wild fauna and flora' were one taxon. The red list plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined for 13 taxa; endangered (EN) species of Prunus yedoensis Matsum., Vulnerable (VU) species of both Utricularia pilosa (Makino) Makino and Iris ruthenica var. nana Maxim., Near Threatened (NT) species of Senecio argunensis Turcz., Least Concern (LC) species of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Potentilla discolor Bunge, Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume, Acorus calamus L., Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi, Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC., and Not Evaluate (NE) species of both Astragalus sikokianus Nakai and Potamogeton oxyphyllus Miq. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were a total of 47 taxa comprising three taxa of grade V, four taxa of grade IV, nine taxa of grade III, 10 taxa of grade II, and 21 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 62 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.9 % and the percentage of urbanization index (UI) was 19.3 %, respectively. Furthermore, hemicryptophytes (28 %), therophytes (26 %), hydrophytes (13 %) and geophyte (12 %) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.441-455
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Byeollipsan (Ganghwa-gun). The vascular plants from 13 field surveys were revealed to total of 574 taxa; 116 families, 355 genera, 505 species, 8 subspecies, 52 varieties, 7 forms and 2 hybrids. A high plant diversity were Asteraceae (12.3%), Poaceae (10.6%), Cyperaceae (6.1%), Fabaceae (4.5%) and Rosaceae (4.2%) in regular order. The seven taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura, Viola seoulensis, Populus × tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Ajuga multiflora f. rosea, Hemerocallis hakuunensis and Polygonatum infundiflorum were collected. The red data of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined five taxa; Least Concern (LC) species of both Phacelurus latifolius and Belamcanda chinensis, Not Evaluate (NE) species of Lithospermum arvense, Scorzonera austriaca ssp. glabra and Polygonatum infundiflorum. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 34 taxa comprising one taxa of degree IV, six taxa of degree III, 11 taxa of degree II, and 16 taxa of degree I. In addition, the naturalized plants were identified as 46 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 8.0%, Urbanization Index (UI) was 14.3%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.27-53
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Manisan (Ganghwa-gun) from April of 2017 to August of 2018. The vascular plants identified during the 12 round field surveys were a to total of 508 taxa: 107 families, 306 genera, 456 species, 7 subspecies, 43 varieties, 1 form, and 2 hybrids. The largest families were as follows; Asteraceae (66 taxa), Poaceae (59 taxa), Fabaceae (25 taxa), Cyperaceae (25 taxa), Rosaceae (22 taxa), Liliaceae (20 taxa), Polygonaceae (17 taxa), Lamiaceae (14 taxa), Ranunculaceae (13 taxa), and Caryophyllaceae (13 taxa). Among these plants, 169 taxa were recoeded for the first time from this region. The six taxa of Korean endemic plants including Clematis brachyura Maxim., Viola seoulensis Nakai, Carex brevispicula G. H. Nam & G. Y. Chung, C. erythrobasis H. $L{\acute{e}}v$. & Vaniot, Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai, and Lycoris flavescens M. Y. Kim & S. T. Lee were found in this region. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be two taxa: Near Threatened (NT) species of Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Tylophora floribunda Miq., respectively. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 26 taxa comprising three taxa of degree IV, four taxa of degree III, seven taxa of degree II, and 12 taxa of degree I. In addition, the alien plants were identified as 49 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.7%, and urbanization index (UI) was 15.3%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 DMZ 일원인 경기도 파주시 광탄면과 양주군 백석면에 걸쳐있는 박달산(363m) 주변의 관속식물상을 조사하였다. 파주시는 동쪽은 양주시, 서쪽은 한강을 경계로 김포시, 북부는 임진강을 경계로 북한과 접하고 있다. 남쪽은 고양시, 북쪽은 연천군에 접하고 있으며, 북위 37° 42'~38° 07', 동경 126° 41'~127° 01'에 위치한다. 박달산은 파주시 광탄면 경계에 위치하였으며, 현재 명칭은 박달나무가 많아서 박달산이라고 부르고 있으나 예전에는 독수리가 많아서 수리봉이라는 명칭으로 부르기도 했다. 박달산 주변에 분포하는 관속식물 현황은 79과 211속 288종 3아종 36변종 4품종 331분류군으로 조사되었다. 양치식물은 5과 10속 11종 1변종 12분류군, 나자식물은 2과 3속 5종 5분류군, 쌍자엽식물은 63과 154속 208종 3아종 22변종 3품종 236분류군, 단자엽식물 9과 44속 61종 13변종 1품종 78분류군으로 조사되었다. 희귀식물은 취약종(VU)에 속하는 왜박주가리(Tylophora floribunda Miq.) 1분류군, 약관심종(LC)에 속하는 태백제비꽃(Viola albida Palib.), 이팝나무(Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton) 2분류군이 조사되었다. 특산식물은 키버들(Salix koriyanagi Kimura), 외대으아리(Clematis brachyuran Maxim.), 서울제비꽃(Viola seoulensis Nakai), 오동나무(Paulownia coreana Uyeki), 백운산원추리(Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai) 5분류군이 조사되었다. 침입외래식물은 가시박(Sicyos angulatus L.), 단풍잎돼지풀(Ambrosia trifida L.), 돼지풀(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) 등 28분류군으로 조사되었다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2014

To examine the natural regeneration in the natural mixed-broadlived forest, flowering, fruiting, seed-fall, and seed viabilities of Acer ukurunduense Trautv. & C.A. Mey. (AU) were investigated in Mt. Jungwang, Gangwon-do, from 2009 to 2013. The flower of AU consisited many male and bisexual flowers on the raceme (unusual panicle) and the arrangement of two sex morphs are differed for each inflorescence. Flowering dates are differed between sex morph in the same inflorescence. Stamens are stop growing and disappeared after pollinated pistil begin to grow in bisexual flowers, and male flowers have vestial pistil. The flowers of AU might be pollinated by Apis mellifera, Thyris fenestrella seoulensis, Cerambycidae sp., Andrenidae sp. and Ctenophora sp., and had some mechanism to prevent feom self pollination. The number of flower buds per inflorescence is 189 on June 8, and that of young samaras per inflorescence is 41.2 on June 21. At last ripened samaras per inflorescence is reduced 33.4 on September 5. Mean annual seedfall of AU was 6,720 ea/ha (ranged 670~17,930). Rates of sound seeds are highest 43.2%, and those of damaged or decayed seeds are 41.8%,. Those of undeveloped and empty seeds are 10.2% and 4.8%, respectively. Successful regeneration of AU might be in masting year and on the gap sites with proper conditions to germinate and grow. To understand the natural regeneration of the species, Genus Acer, further study on the fruiting habit, pre- and post-dispersal seed viability, and annual variation on these factor should be needed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.189-203
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Jingangsan Mt. (Ganghwa-gun). The vascular plants identified during the 11 round field surveys were a to total of 560 taxa: 114 families, 336 genera, 495 species, 7 subspecies, 53 varieties, 4 forms and 1 hybrid. A high plant diversity were Poaceae (11.0%), Asteraceae (10.8%), Cyperaceae (8.8%), Rosaceae (4.6%) and Lamiaceae (4.3%) in regular order. The four taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Viola seoulensis Nakai, Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz, Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai and Polygonatum infundiflorum Y. S. Kim, B. U. Oh & C. G. Jang were collected. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be four taxa: Near Threatened (NT) species of Delphinium maackianum Regel, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Mosla japonica (Benth. ex Oliv.) Maxim., Carex paxii Kük. and Polygonatum infundiflorum Y. S. Kim, B. U. Oh & C. G. Jang. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 28 taxa comprising two taxa of degree IV, three taxa of degree III, eight taxa of degree II, and 15 taxa of degree I. In addition, the naturalized plants were identified as 44 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 7.9%, and Urbanization Index (UI) was 13.7%.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 2001

This study was conducted to find the flowering and seed setting characteristics of Eleutherococcus spp. Plants of Eleutherococcus spp. were 7 years old trees reproducted by cutting method using seven species in Gongju. Initial flowering date was foremost by May 9 in E. sieboldianus and hindmost by August 23 in E. divaricatus among seven species. Flowering duration was most short by 20 days in E. sieboldianus and extremely long by 42 days in E. sieboldianus. Number of flowers per plant in E. sieboldianus and E. chilsanensis were higher by 4677 and 4634 than those in E. divaricatus and E. sieboldianus by 780, 84, respectively. The fruit setting percent was the highest in E. sieboldianus by 95% and numbers of fruit setting per cluster showed the highest value by 153 in E. sieboldianus. The seed setting percent was almost same by ${92{\sim}95%}$ in E. sessiliflorus, E. chiisanensis, E. koreanus, E. divaricatus and E. seoulensis, but lower by ${11{\sim}37%}$ in E. senticosus and E. sieboldianus. The dry weight per plant and 100-fruit weight showed the highest value by 270g, 6.7g in E. sessiliflorus, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is carried out accurately to grasp the vascular plants in Mt. Bakdal (825 m of sea level), Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. In the results of survey from October, 2000 to August, 2001, the vascular plant species in Mt. Bakdal were summarized as 458 taxa; 91 families, 275 genera, 391 species, 62 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forestry Service were six species; Lilium distichum, Iris uniflora var. carisina, Hylomecon hylomeconoides, Viola albida, Scopolia japonicus and Scrophularia koraiensis. And the endemic plants were seventeen species; Melandryum seoulense, Aconitum pseudo-laeve var. erectum, Hylomecon hylomeconoides, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, Rubus hongnoensis, Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Vicia venosa var. cuspidata, Vicia venosissima, Tilia taquetii, Ajuga spectabilis, Paulownia coreana, Scrophularia koraiensis, Weigela subsessilis, Lonicera subsessilis, Cirsium setidens and Saussurea seoulensis. The sixteen species were recorded in the surveyed sites as the naturalized plants; Rumex acetocella, Rumex crispus, Fallopia dumetora, Chenopodium glaucum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Trifolium repens, Abutilon avicennae, Hibiscus trionum, Oenothera odorata, Oenothera lamarckiana, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens frondosa and Carduus crispus.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.267-283
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• 2011

Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment in region of Naejangsan National Park were found Lycoris chinensis var. sinuolata K.H.Tae & S.T.Ko, Iris koreana Nakai, Cymbidium macrorrhizum Lindl and Vexillabium yakushimensis (Yamam.) F.Maek.(4 taxa). The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 159 taxa; that is, class I species (91 taxa) were containing as Chloranthus fortunei (A.Gray) Solms, Vicia anguste-pinnata Nakai and Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz, etc, class II species (17 taxa) were Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi, Dryopteris expansa (C.Presl) Fraser-Jenkins et Jermy and Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman, etc, class III species (32 taxa) were containing; Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai, Parasenecio pseudotaimingasa (Nakai) B.U.Oh and Saussurea eriophylla Nakai, etc, class IV species (9 taxa) were Deutzia paniculata Nakai, Carex ligulata Nees and Thuja orientalis L., etc, and class V species (10 taxon) were Orobanche filicicola Nakai, Lycoris chinensis var. sinuolata K.H.Tae & S.T.Ko and Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana (Nakai) T.Koyama, etc. Endemic species of korea were identified 40 taxa such as Broussonetia kazinoki var. humilis Uyeki, Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi and Silene seoulensis Nakai, etc. Plant species designated as Natural Monument were 2 species that Daphniphyllum macropodum forest(No. 91) and Torreya nucifera forest(No. 153) receive protection. The naturalized plants were identified 30 taxa; Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach and Rumex crispus L., etc. Among them the ecosystem disturbance wild plants was not discovered.