• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 2020

This study analyze the meaning and the characteristic of branded contents ad, one of the leading advertising methods. 10 experts who work for various advertising fields were inteviewed through semi-Structured Interview method and connected the keywords. First, branded contents advertisement can be split into two part, congenital branded contents ad and acquired branded contents ad. Congenital branded contents have a customer process, (Attention-Awareness-Interest-Compromise) and agency process (Combine-Seed-Continuous- Compromise). acquired branded contents ad also have a different customer process (Attention-Interest-Awareness-Compromise) and agency process (Seed-Rootage - Combine- Compromise). 'Combine' stage and 'Compromise' stage is the new features in the branded contents ad and 'awareness'stage also has a different meaning with previous theories.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.472-472
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• 1996

The material of database for speech recognition should include phonetic phenomena as much as possible. At the same time, such material should be phonetically compact with low redundancy[1, 2]. The phonetic phenomena in continuous speech is the key problem in speech recognition. This paper describes the processing of a set of sentences collected from the database of 1993 and 1994 "People's Daily"(Chinese newspaper) which consist of news, politics, economics, arts, sports etc.. In those sentences, both phonetic phenometla and sentence patterns are included. In continuous speech, phonemes always appear in the form of allophones which result in the co-articulary effects. The task of designing a speech database should be concerned with both intra-syllabic and inter-syllabic allophone structures. In our experiments, there are 404 syllables, 415 inter-syllabic diphones, 3050 merged inter-syllabic triphones and 2161 merged final-initial structures in read speech. Statistics on the database from "People's Daily" gives and evaluation to all of the possible phonetic structures. In this sentence set, we first consider the phonetic balances among syllables, inter-syllabic diphones, inter-syllabic triphones and semi-syllables with their junctures. The syllabic balances ensure the intra-syllabic phenomena such as phonemes, initial/final and consonant/vowel. the rest describes the inter-syllabic jucture. The 1560 sentences consist of 96% syllables without tones(the absent syllables are only used in spoken language), 100% inter-syllabic diphones, 67% inter-syllabic triphones(87% of which appears in Peoples' Daily). There are rougWy 17 kinds of sentence patterns which appear in our sentence set. By taking the transitions between syllables into account, the Chinese speech recognition systems have gotten significantly high recognition rates[3, 4]. The following figure shows the process of collecting sentences. [people's Daily Database] -> [segmentation of sentences] -> [segmentation of word group] -> [translate the text in to Pin Yin] -> [statistic phonetic phenomena & select useful paragraph] -> [modify the selected sentences by hand] -> [phonetic compact sentence set]

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 1994

To develop the treatment process of swine wastewater using Rhodopseudomonas palustris KK14 with high utilizable ability of organic acids, some operating conditions were investigated and optimized in flask-scale and laboratory-scale reactors. The optimal operating conditions in photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) reactor of semi-continuous type were obtained at HRT 6 day, 5% (v/v/day) seeding rate of PSB sludge and 10% (v/v/day) returning rate of PSB return sludge. Under the above operating condition, COD level of the wastewater (initial COD: 10 g/l) was reduced to about 1.7 g/l after 4 days treatment and MLSS was held constant at $4{\sim}5\;g$ per liter. In laboratory-scale process consisted of 5.2 l anaearobic digestion reactor and 15 l PSB reactor, the total removal rates of COD and BOD were increased to 95% and 96% by the continuous operation for 5.36 days, respectively, showing $3kg\;COD/m^3/day$ COD loading rate and 1.1 Kg COD/Kg MLSS/day sludge loading rate in PSB reactor. The offensive odor was considerably removed through the treatment process of swine wastewater.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.319-325
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• 2014

Cobalt nano-rods were fabricated using a template-free electrochemical-deposition process. The structure of cobalt electro-deposits strongly depends on the electrolyte composition and on the density of the applied current. In particular, as the content of boric acid increased in the electrolyte, deposits of semi-spherical nuclei formed, and then grew into one-dimensional nano-rods. From analysis of the electro-deposits created under the conditions of continuous and pulsed current, it is suggested that the distribution of the active species around the electrode/electrolyte interface, and their transport, might be an important factor affecting the shape of the deposits. When transport of the active species was suppressed by lowering the deposition temperature, more of the well-defined nano-rod structures were obtained. The optimal conditions for the preparation of well-defined nano-rods were determined by observing the morphologies resulting from different deposition conditions. The maximum height of the cobalt nano-rods created in this work was $1{\mu}m$ and it had a diameter of 200 nm. Structural analysis proved that the nano-rods have preferred orientations of (111).

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2011

This work experimentally determined the effect of thermal and microwave pretreatments on the anaerobic digestion of mixtures of municipal primary and secondary sludges in semi-continuous mesophilic digesters at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 20, 15, 10, 7, and 5 days. The ratio of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) to total COD in thermally pretreated and microwaved sludges at $80^{\circ}C$ was 2.7 and 3.2 times higher than that of raw sludge, respectively. The volatile solids (VS) and COD removal efficiencies in all three digesters fed with raw (control), thermally pretreated (TM), and microwaved (MW) sludges decreased as the HRT was reduced. The highest relative improvement in VS removal compared to the control occurred at the HRT of 5 days in the TM and MW (29 and 41% higher than the control, respectively). At this HRT, improvement in the COD removal efficiencies in the TM and MW compared to the control was 28 and 53%, respectively. Improvements in biogas production compared with the control increased in both the TM and MW as the HRT was reduced to 5 days. The relative improvement in daily biogas production compared to the control from the TM and MW was 33 and 53% higher than the control at the HRT of 5 days, respectively. The results show that microwave pretreatment is more effective than thermal pretreatment in increasing the solubilization degree and mesophilic anaerobic biodegradability of sewage sludge.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.968-973
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• 2003

As environmental restrictions have continuously become more strict, it has emphasized development of environment-friendly technologies. In cutting technology, it has been well recognized that cutting fluids might have undesirable effects on worker's health and working environment and, hence, recently there have been numerous attempts to minimize harmful effects of cutting fluids on environments. To minimize the use of cutting fluids in machining, conventional cutting fluids have been replaced with the technologies of pressurized cold air and minimum quantity lubrication(MQL). Compared with milling, turning is a continuous cutting process, where tools are continuously heated up and lack of lubricity could lead to tool wear and deteriorated surface roughness. In this study, it has been investigated how tool wear and surface roughness could be affected by cutting conditions, supply and cooling methods. The experimental results show that MQL technology is able to minimize harmful effects of conventional cutting fluids.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.583-584
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• 2006

Printing technology has begun to get into the spotlight in many ways due to the low cost effectiveness to existent semi-conductor process. It also has very useful application areas, not only paper printing but also patterning for LCD color tilter, Photovoltaic patterning, RFID antenna, OLED, and so on. In this study, an apparatus of gravure offset printing was developed for fine line width printing. The pattern was composed of $20{\mu}m$ size of continuous lines of which pitch size was $40{\mu}m$. The printed pattern shows that it is possible to make around $20{\mu}m$ line-width printing pattern. The roll-to-roll printing system for fine line-width printing based on primary experiment is presented. For testing of multi-layer printing, the system was designed to be capable of printing two different materials from each printing unit using gravure-offset printing method and have a function of alignment of two printed materials.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.2830-2834
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• 2010

The degradation efficiencies of phenol in aqueous solution were studied by semi-continuous experiments in the processes of ozone alone, ozone/bulky $Co_3O_4$ and ozone/$Co_3O_4$ nanoparticles. Catalyst samples (bulky $Co_3O_4$ and $Co_3O_4$ nanoparticles) were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, $pH_{pzc}$ and the density of surface hydroxyl groups of the two catalyst samples were also measured. The catalytic activity of $Co_3O_4$ nanoparticles was investigated for the removal of phenol in aqueous solutions under different reaction temperatures. Tert-butyl alcohol had little effect on the catalytic ozonation processes. Based on these results, the possible catalytic ozonation mechanism of phenol by $Co_3O_4$ nanoparticles was proposed as a reaction process between ozone molecules and pollutants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2014

This paper provides an integrated view on human and system interaction in advanced and automated systems, which adopting computerized multi-functional artifacts and complicated organizations, such as nuclear power plants, chemical plants, steel and semi-conduct manufacturing system. As current systems have advanced with various automated equipments but human operators from various organizations are involved in the systems, system safety still remains uncertain. Especially, a human operator plays an important role at the time of critical conditions that can lead to catastrophic accidents. The knowledge on human error helps a risk manager as well as a designer to create and control a more credible system. Several human error theories were reviewed and adopted for forming the integrated perspective: gulf of execution and evaluation; risk homeostasis; the ironies of automation; trust in automation; design affordance; distributed cognition; situation awareness; and plan delegation theory. The integrated perspective embraces human error theories within three levels of human-system interactions such as affordance level, psychological logic level and trust level. This paper argued that risk management process should dealt with human errors by providing (1) reasoning improvement; (2) support to situation awareness of operators; and (3) continuous monitoring on harmonization of human system interaction. This approach may help people to understand risk of human-system interaction failure characteristics and their countermeasures.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 2013

The production and characterization of an active recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS) in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) has been previously reported. In this study, the effect of the signal peptide (SP), inducer concentration, process scale, and operational mode (batch and semi-continuous) on GALNS production were evaluated. When native SP was presented, higher enzyme activity levels were observed in both soluble and inclusion bodies fractions, and its removal had a significant impact on enzyme activation. At shake scale, the optimal IPTG concentrations were 0.5 and 1.5 mM for the strains with and without SP, respectively, whereas at bench scale, the highest enzyme activities were observed with 1.5 mM IPTG for both strains. Noteworthy, enzyme activity in the culture media was only detected when SP was presented and the culture was carried out under semi-continuous mode. We showed for the first time that the mechanism that in prokaryotes recognizes the SP to mediate sulfatase activation can also recognize a eukaryotic SP, favoring the activation of the enzyme, and could also favor the secretion of the recombinant protein. These results offer significant information for scaling-up the production of human sulfatases in E. coli.