• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.188-188
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• 2011

Recently, scaling down of ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) circuit of CMOS (Complementary Meta Oxide Semiconductor) based electronic devices, the electronic devices, become much faster and smaller size that are promising property of semiconductor market. However, very narrow interconnect line width has some disadvantages. Deposition of conformal and thin barrier is not easy. And metallization process needs deposition of diffusion barrier and glue layer for EP/ELP deposition. Thus, there is not enough space for copper filling process. In order to get over these negative effects, simple process of copper metallization is important. In this study, Cu-V alloy layer was deposited using of DC/RF magnetron sputter deposition system. Cu-V alloy film was deposited on the plane SiO2/Si bi-layer substrate with smooth surface. Cu-V film's thickness was about 50 nm. Cu-V alloy film deposited at $150^{\circ}C$. XRD, AFM, Hall measurement system, and AES were used to analyze this work. For the barrier formation, annealing temperature was 300, 400, $500^{\circ}C$ (1 hour). Barrier thermal stability was tested by I-V(leakage current) and XRD analysis after 300, 500, $700^{\circ}C$ (12 hour) annealing. With this research, over $500^{\circ}C$ annealed barrier has large leakage current. However vanadium-based diffusion barrier annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ has good thermal stability. Therefore thermal stability of vanadium-based diffusion barrier is desirable for copper interconnection.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.13-17
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• 2017

We investigated the effect of self-assembled BSO nano-defects as pinning centers in BSO-added GdBCO films when the thicknesses of films were varied. 3.5 vol. % BSO-added GdBCO films with varying thicknesses from 200 nm to 1000 nm were deposited on $SrTiO_3$ (STO) substrate by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process. For the films with thicknesses of 400 nm and 600 nm, 'anomaly shoulders' in $J_c-H$ characteristic curves were observed near the matching field. The anomaly shoulders appeared in the field dependence of $J_c$ may be attributed to the existence of double pinning mechanisms in thin films. The fit to the pinning force density as a function of reduced field h ($H/H_{irr}$) using the Dew-Hughes' scaling law shows that both the 400 nm- and the 600 nm-thick films have double pinning mechanisms while the other films have a single pinning mechanism. These results indicate that the self-assembled property of BSO result in different role as pinning centers with different thickness.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.346-351
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• 2023

With the release of numerous open driving datasets, the demand for domain adaptation in perception tasks has increased, particularly when transferring knowledge from rich datasets to novel domains. However, it is difficult to solve the change 1) in the sensor domain caused by heterogeneous LiDAR sensors and 2) in the environmental domain caused by different environmental factors. We overcome domain differences in the semi-supervised setting with 3-stage model parameter training. First, we pre-train the model with the source dataset with object scaling based on statistics of the object size. Then we fine-tine the partially frozen model weights with copy-and-paste augmentation. The 3D points in the box labels are copied from one scene and pasted to the other scenes. Finally, we use the knowledge distillation method to update the student network with a moving average from the teacher network along with a self-training method with pseudo labels. Test-Time Augmentation with varying z values is employed to predict the final results. Our method achieved 3rd place in ECCV 2022 workshop on the 3D Perception for Autonomous Driving challenge.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the strength and weakness of the intelligences appeared by the profile of the multiple intelligences of gifted children in mathematics. The subjects of this study were 80 students from D-Education Center for Gifted Children in Korea. Their multiple intelligences were measured by the self-scaling test of Korean-Multiple Intelligence Development Assessment Scale, in July 2006. The conclusions of this study are as follows: First, the strengths of multiple intelligences of the gifted children in mathematics are in logical-mathematical intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence and interpersonal intelligence. And, the weakness of multiple intelligences of the gifted in elementary mathematics is in bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Second, formal educational curriculum of the gifted in elementary mathematics is required which can stimulate all kinds of intelligences.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to review the factors related to serious dental diseases in dental clinic patients to provide basic data on health and oral health improvement. Methods : This study included 257 patients who visited dental clinics located in Gyeonggi-do. For the survey method, patients filled out questionnaires, and their dental examination charts were reviewed. The subjects of this study were selected using convenience sampling. Surveys were done with a self-entry questionnaire. Results : Serious dental diseases were more likely to be found in men than in women, in married subjects than in single subjects, in obese subjects than in normal-weight subjects, in subjects with xerostomia and in subjects who did not receive regular oral examinations and scaling. Conclusions : In order to promote oral health, individual efforts by dental clinic patients should be made along with the implementation of oral health improvement programs and policies.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.238-256
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• 2016

Modern web services have been broadly deployed on the Internet. Most of these services use multi-tier architecture for flexible scaling and software reusability. However, managing the performance of multi-tier web services under dynamic and unpredictable workload, and different resource demands in each tier is a critical problem for a service provider. When offering quality of service assurance with least resource usage costs, web service providers should adopt self-adaptive resource provisioning in each tier. Recently, a number of rule- and model-based approaches have been designed for dynamic resource management in virtualized data centers. This survey investigates the challenges of resource provisioning and provides a competing assessment on the existing approaches. After the evaluation of their benefits and drawbacks, the new research direction to improve the efficiency of resource management and recommendations are introduced.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.15-23
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• 2009

Chaos theory, qualitative study of unstable aperiodic behavior in deterministic nonlinear dynamical systems, is dominant paradigm in the twenty first century. Fractal geometry, as an expressed form of chaos, now influences many areas such as architecture, art, music, economics, literature, etc. The purpose of this study is to analyze fractal geometry and fractal formative elements in architectural design. There are scaling, superimposition, distortion, deformation and repetition in the fractal form generator that can be applied to design concept and process in architecture. This study shows fractal geometry can be the architectural form creation method. Fractal geometry similar to nature's patterned order can be provided endless possibilities for design analysis and methodology in architecture. Therefore the further study of fractal geometry should progress synthetically through the basis of the study.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.175-183
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• 2014

Contemporary architecture tends to deconstruct modern architecture based on rationalization just like reductionism and functionalism and secedes from it. It means change from mechanical to organic and ecological view of the world. According to these changes, consideration of a compositive relationship presented variety and complexity in architecture. Thus, the modern speculation based on rationalism cannot provide an alternative interpretation about complicated architectural phenomena. At this point in time, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibilities of the fractal as an alternative tool of analysis and design in contemporary architecture. In this study, two major aspects are discussed. First, the fractal concepts just like 'fractal dimension', 'box-counting dimension' and 'fractal rhythm' can be applied to analysis in architecture. Second, the fractal formative principles just like 'scaling', 'superimposition trace', 'distortion' and 'repetition' can be applied to design in architecture. Fractal geometry similar to nature's patterned order can provide endless possibilities for analysis and design in architecture. Therefore further study of fractal geometry should be conducted synthetically from now on.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.06b
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• pp.177-180
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• 2001

The quantum effects in the channel of a $\delta$ -doped NMOSFET structures are investigated by solving Schrodinger and Poisson equations self-consistently. According to the scaling of MOSFET structures, electron distributions change by the strong energy quantization. However the presence of a low-doped epitaxial region produces a reduction of the electron effective field for a given charge sheet density and therefore, improves the electron effective mobility. We also focus the quantum-induced threshold voltage shifts, low-field electron effective mobility and gate-to-channel capacitance. The reported results give indications for the fabrication of ultra short MOSFET's.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2000

The scaling behavior of random fractals and multifractals is investigated numerically on the seabottom depth in the seabottom topography. In the self-affine structure the critical length for the crossover can be found from the value of standard deviations for the seabottom depth. The generalized dimension and the spectrum in the multifractal structure are discussed numerically, as it is assumed that the seabottom depth is located on a two-dimensional square lattice. For this case, the fractal dimension D$_0$ is respectively calculated as 1.312476, 1.366726, and 1.372243 in our three regions, and our result is compared with other numerical calculations.