• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.534-539
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• 2005

Effects of grapefruit seed extract and Ag ion solution on the keeping quality and shelf life of mungbean sprouts were investigated in terms of weight loss, gas composition, hardness, color, ascorbic acid content, and viable cell counts during storage. Packages with $30\;{\mu}m$ polypropylene(PP) film was applied for mungbean sprouts dipped in Ag ion solution, 50 ppm and 100 ppm GFSE, 50 ppm and 100 ppm GFSE in Ag ion solution and stored $5^{\circ}C$. Totally weight loss exceeded $1\%$ and no visible signs of shrivelling of mungbean sprouts were observed. GFSE in Ag ion solution treatment, resulting in mungbean sprouts of better visual quality, weight loss, color, ascorbic acid as compared to the control without dipping. A shelf life of 6 days was achieved with 100 ppm GFSE in Ag ion solution treatment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 1993

In order to retain the freshness of fruits and vegetables and to reduce the rate of disease damage, grafruit seed extract (GPSE), natural microorganism control agent, was applied during the preservation process of fresh fruits and vegetables. GFSE showed an effective inhibitory action against plant putrefactive bacteria and fungi which were involved in the decay of fruits and vegetables. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for GFSE against the microbes were in the range of 50 to 2,000 ppm. Direct observation of microbial cells and spores using electron microscopy showed their function was destroyed by the treatment of the dilute solutions of GFSE. Fresh Welsh onions, onions and red peppers treated with GFSE and stored in polyethylene film (0.1 mm) retained better quality in color and texture than the non-treated control. GFSE was efficient in controlling the germination of potatoes. It was observed that GFSE would reduce disease damages and have bactericidal and fungicidal properties during the storage of such fruits and vegetables as zucchinis, cucumbers, tomatoes and mandarin oranges.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.3
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• pp.258-265
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effective cryopreservation condition of Potentilla discolor Bunge, a rare native plant. Seed viability was more than 80% in PVS2 and PVS3 solution treatments. Seed viability was higher in PVS3 than PVS2 treatment. Seed viability was lower than control in spite of sucrose pretreatment. The germination rate was 95% at 60 min of PVS2 treatment and 30 min of PVS3 treatment but the germination rate was low at other treatments. The growth of the seedling wasn't doing that of the control except for treat PVS2 and PVS3 solution for 30 min. There was no statistically significant difference between the encapsulation method and the vitrification method in the seedling growth between the two cryogenic storage methods. This study is expected to be applied to future conservation methods of Potentilla discolor.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the hemp (Cannabis sativa cv. Chungsam) seed structure and ultrastructure of food reserves by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We examined the seed coat and embryo consisting of a hypocotyl-radicle axis and two cotyledons. The seed coat consisted of exotesta and endotesta. The exotesta was a mechanical layer with lignified and elongated cells, while endotesta of the underlying layers of the exotesta was consisted of two separated cell layers. The collapsed outer layer of endotesta showed the unique reticulate structures. In cotyledon cells, protein and lipid bodies occupied most of cytoplasm. Protein bodies varied in diameter from 1.8 to $5.0{\mu}m$ and possessed a protein matrix containing electron-dense globoid crystals. Numerous lipid bodies ranged from 0.8 to $3.0{\mu}m$ in diameter were distributed around the protein bodies. During the early stages of breakdown, protein bodies rapidly changed their shape into the granular feature, however, lipid bodies were gradually degradated and fused each other. The degeneration process of protein bodies and lipid bodies of cotyledon cells might be correlated with the reports which hemp seeds rapidly lose their ability to germinate.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) The antimicrobial activity of GFSE was strong enough against such bacteria as Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio fluvialis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia sp. Growth of the above strains was inhibited by the GFSE'S concentration of 50 ppm. The growth of Vibrio vulnificus was completely inhibited by adding the 50 ppm GFSE to the nutrient broth medium with $3\%$ NaCl. The cell counts of Vibrio uulnfficus $5.2\times10^5$ at first in $5\%$ skim milk containing GFSE 0, 10, 30, 50 and 100 ppm were reduced to 35, 48, $5.6\times10^2,\;5.3\times10^3\;and\;9.6\times10^3/ml$ after 120 hours, respectively. And growth of Aspergillus Parasiticus, Asperillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Py-renochaeta terrestris and Trichoderma viride were inhibited by the concentration of GFSE 100, 50, 100, 10 and 30 ppm, respectively. The shelf life of Mulkimchi containing GFSE 50 and 100 ppm was 20 days longer than the control during storage at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1239-1244
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• 2003

Microcapsules were prepared by coacervation method using acetone/liquid paraffin system to control the ripening of kimchi. Eudragit E100, which was soluble at below pH 5.0 in aqueous solution, was used to make microcapsules to be sensitive to acidity of kimchi. The microcapsules with Eudragit E100 containing grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) showed the highest yield of 92.13%, the size of microcapsules was decreasing as increasing the amount of aluminium stearate, a dispersing agent. Morphology of the microcapsules determined by scanning electron microscopy showed spherical forms. GFSE, encapsulated antimicrobial agents, was quickly released at acidic buffer (pH 4,5,6) within 1 storage day. However, 70% of encapsulated GFSE in Eudragit E100 microcapsules was continuously released at pH 7 till 3 days, and it was sustained till 9 days. Characteristics of kimchi containing microcapsules of GFSE were analysed with ripening period. Decease of pH in kimchi was retarded with the added GFSE microcapsules till 2 days of fermentation, but GFSE did not affect pH in kimchi after 3 days. Total numbers of microorganisms and lactic acid microorganisms in kimchi were decreased with increasing the amount of the added GFSE microcapsules, however, the effect of controlled released GFSE from pH sensitive Eudragit E100 microcapsules was hard to detect. These results suggest the possibility of pH sensitive microcapsules for high qualify of kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.481-489
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• 2007

Present experiments are conducted to study the seed viability and optimum germination temperature of Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum that is known to have low germination ability and long germination duration. To enhance germination rate, various growth regulators and inorganic salts were employed. Low germination rate was obtained with 4 year old seeds, but not with $1{\sim}2$ year old seeds. The seeds germinated very well under $22{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and germinated speed was rapid. Especially, $1{\sim}2$ year old seeds germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ showed $70{\sim}71.2%$ germination rate. Priming treatments using $GA_3$, IAA, NAA, kinetin, $KNO_3$, $KH_2PO_4$, $Ca(NO_3)_2$ were effective compared to control except BA. 1 year old seeds treated with $GA_3$ 0.5 mM and IAA 1 mM showed 96% and 93% germination rate, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.s01
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• pp.86-97
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• 1988

Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) is probably the most ancient oilseed crop known in the world. The seed of sesame is used in a variety of ways as food. The whole seed may be eaten raw, either roasted or parched, or fed to birds and stock. Sesame oil is used as a salad or cooking oil, in shortening, margarine and in the manufacture of soap. Minor uses are as a fixative in the perfume industry and formerly as a carrier for fatsoluble substances in pharmaceuticals such as penicillin. One of the minor constituents of sesame oil, sesamin, is used for its synergistic effect in pyrethrin insecticides, in addition of a small quantity of this substance markedly increases the effectiveness of fly sprays. The meal remaining after oil extraction can be used as and animal feed-stuff or as manure. In general sesame meal is considered to be equal to cottonseed or soybean meal as a protein supplement for livestock and poultry. It is especially high in certain amino-acids such as methionine, which is low in soybean meal, and thus can be combined with it or similar meal to form a more balanced ration. An attempt to summarize the literature review on quality improvement of sesame was made to discuss the accomplishments of the past and perspectives in the future. The reviews on quality improvement of sesame were mainly discussed in connection with the cultural practices and genetic informations in current status. The emphasis focussed on environmental variation of quality in cultural practices, such as harvest time, variety by location, climatic condition, fertilizer application, and growth regulator treatment. On the genetic variation of quality, it was discussed on variety background, mutation breeding, correlations, and inheritance of quality related characteristics. It also was discussed on relationship between quality and plant traits, storage condition or period, and seed coat color. Moreover, current research status were reviewed on some minor elements such as sesamin, oxalic acid, and trypsin inhibitor. As a results of the review, the lack of an effort to quality improvement in each utilization area was indicated as a problem area. More active efforts for the improvement of quality were also insufficient to incorporate the available genes for quality in breeding method or collection and analysis of breeding materials. Therefore, researches in the future would be recommended to emphasize on these problem areas.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 1998

A research was carried out to determine the formation, contents in foods, and antioxidative effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA was known as a mixture of positional isomer of linoleic acid (LA), that was included in milk, meat, and fish. The formation of CLA from methyl linoleate and soybean oil (SBO) storecd at 20${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ was higher than at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, and CLA formation from methyl linoleate stored at 20${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ was over 13 times higher than early amounts(188 ppm) and was higher than that from SBO. In edible vegetable oils, the content of CLA were the highest in canola oil (CAO, 348 ppm) but were decreased during storage at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, while the content of CLA in cotton seed oil (CSO) were 292 ppm, which increased dramatically (1322 ppm) during 28 days of storage at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$. Because the peroxide value (POV) of CSO at that time was very low (10.05 meq/kg $.$ oil), CLA occurrence of CSO was shown to be very available during storage at temperature. CLA content of milk from a market ranged 293∼2148 ppm, which depended on the manufacturing, companies. In meat, the CLA content was very high in pork (2379 ppm), and among fishes, that of spanish mackerel was the highest (1040 ppm, almost same as beef, which increased greatly (2039 ppm) during boiling with seasoning. Antioxidative effect of CLA on SBO was almost same as that of BHT until 7 days of storage at 40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, but decreased greatly after that period. In case of com oil (CNO), antioxidative effects of CLA were higher than those or BHN and tocopherol, suggesting that the effect was different depending on the kinds of oils used as substrates. During heating at 180${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$, antioxidative effect of CLA on SBO appeared almost same as those or BHT and tocopherol, and it was also shown greater effects in heating at high temperature (180${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$) than at low temperature(40${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 1995

We examined the effects of seed treatment on field germination rate and seedling growth for four woody species, Euonymus alatus, Thea sinensis, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Nandina domestia which are economically useful in Korea. The seeds of each species were purified carefully after collection during Oct. and Nov.. E. alatus, T. sinensis, and Z. piperitum were sowed in the experimental field after stored in open ground with treatment of Pon-Pon. $H_2O_2$, $GA_3$, scarification. and N. domestica was sowed in container within green house after treatment of three different periods(7, 15, 21days) in growth chamber(4, 25, $32^{\circ}C$). Germination rate and seedling growth were measured in mid-Oct.. In E. alatus germination rate was higher in storaging in open ground after soaking in $GA_3$(67.1%) than in only storaging in open ground(18.4%). But the rate in T. sinensis showed no differences between storage in open ground after treatment of $GA_3$, and scarification, and only storage in open ground, Germination rate of Z. piperitum was much higher in storaging in open ground after treatment of Pon-Pon(80.3%) than in only storaging in open ground(12.4%). In N. domestica. seeds stored for 7 days at $32^{\circ}C$ were germinated faster than those stored for 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$, and germination rate of the former was also higher than that of the latter. Peak Times of seed germination in field were order of E. alatus (32 days). Z. piperitum (49 days). T. sinensis (83 days), N. domestica (87 days). The growth of seedling germinated in field showed a good result because of early germination following the effect of seed treatment. The periods of highest growth performances of the seedlings were 72 days in late Jun.-mid Jul. in E. alatus. 59 days in late Jun.- mid Jul. in Z. Piperitum, and 45 days in mid Aug.- mid Sep. in T. sinensis.