• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.207-229
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• 1995

The characteristics of weather and climate in South Korea has great influences on the annual variation pattern and the appearance of the prevailing weather. The purpose of this paper is to induce the quantity of the weather entropy and annual variation pattern using the information theory and the principal component analysis. And author tried to classify the region according to the variation of its space scale, The raw materials used for this study are the daily cloudiness and precipitation during the years 1990-1994 at 69 stations in South Korea. It is divided into four classes of fine, clear, cloudy and rainy. The rcsults of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Thc characteristics of annual variation pattern of weather entropy can be chiefly divided into five categories and the accumulated contributory rate of these is 73.1%. 2. Annual variation pattern of the first principal component reaches smaller in May, April and September than national average, and becomes greater when the winter comes. This weather entropy's quantity(Rs1) is positive in most area to the western sife of Soback Mountains and negative in most seaside area to the eastern side of Soback Mountains. 3. The characteristics of annual variation pattern of the second principal component shows that the entropy is more smaller in summer than national average and the rest of seasons shows larger, especially in January, May and September. This weather entropy's quantity(Rs2) is positive in most Honam Inland area to the western side of Soback Mountains and negative in most Youngnam Inland area to the eastern side of Soback Mountains. 4. Eight type regions (S1-S11) are classified based on the occurrences of minimum weather entropy in South Korea, and annual variation pattern of weather entropy by principal component analysis may be classified into sixteen type regions (Rs1-Rs9). Putting these things together, South Korea can be classifieed into thirty one type regions (Rs1S7-Rs9S10).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.810-815
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• 2006

The biological activities of Oenothera laciniata extracts were measured, including antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects. O. laciniata is an endemic species of Jeju Island, Korea with a seaside habitat. The concentration of total polyphenolic compounds from ethanol (EtOH), n-hexane, dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethylacetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH), and water fractions of O. laciniata was 63.96, 8.49, 28.11, 172.64, 114.56, and 34.91 mg/g, respectively. The EtOAc fraction contained the highest antioxidative activities ($IC_{50}$), measured as follows: 16.19 ${\mu}g/mL$ in DPPH radical scavenging capacity, 220.37 ${\mu}g/mL$ in xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, 42.07${\mu}g/mL$ in superoxide radical scavenging capacity, and 421.33 ${\mu}g/mL$ in nitric oxide scavenging capacity. The cytotoxicity of O. laciniata extracts was examined through their effect on the growth of HL-60 cells. Incubation of HL-60 cells with the EtOAc fraction resulted in the greatest inhibition of cell growth; high DNA fragmentation and numerous sub-G1 hypodiploid cells were observed in HL-60 cell cultures treated with the EtOAc fraction. These results suggest that the EtOAc fraction of O. laciniata has potent apoptotic and antioxidative activities in vitro.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 1990

Seungbong Island is situated about 100km away Inchon Port in the western sea of the Korean Peninsula. Field investigations were conducted for two days each from June 30 through July 1, 1981 and from August 20 through 21, 1981. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Plants growing in this island consist of a total of 193 species (70 families, 151 genera, 170 species, 22 varieties and 1 forma). Pinus thunbergii was confirmed to be the dominant species. The natural degree observed in this island was high, as a whole. The coefficient of ferny plants (Pte-Q) is 0.95, lower than grass. Atractylodes japonica Koidz., Miscanthus sinensis Anders. var. purpurascense Rendle, and Rhododendron mucronulatum Turz. are distributed mainly on the forest bed of Pinus thunbergii. The poor distribution of Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Amaranthus mangostanus Linne is considered attributable to the phenomenon of allellopathy caused by a chemical substance secreted from the leaves of Pinus thunbergii. The component ratio of species in this island is lower than that of other islands due probably to the small area of arable land and grassland. The poor growth of plants in the forest of Pinus thunbergii, the dominant species in this island, seems to be attributed to the low relative light intensity of the forest. Seaside plants consisting of a total of 7 species were distributed mainly in the vicinity of sandy beaches. Naturalized plants comprising a total of 11 species were relatively diversified in the number of species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2002

The landscape disign of Gamcheon wholesale fish Market was designed around a turnkey base to promote the economy of Busan Metropolitan City, to establish a fishery marketing center and to modernize existing facilities. The objectives of the project were to promote the mood of an old market, while preserving its functions and efficiency as a market, to design outdoor spaces with natural resources and amenities in balance, and to create attractive tourist spots in connection with the wide area development plan. The project was oriented, fast, to enhance the functions of the market. For this purpose, a multi-dimensional space layout was designed in consideration of functions as a wholesale market. The safety of pedestrians was secured by separating lathes for vehicles and for pedestrians. Tree planting with various functions such as sheltering, wind breaking and guiding was planned. Secondly, nature-friendly and human-friendly landscaping design was attempted. For this, the beautiful natural resources of Amnam Park were utilized, and green spaces such as green bridges linking buildings in the wholesale market, and rooftop gardens were to be arranged. In addition, environment-friendly facilities such as roads paved with natural materials(i.e. gravel, shells) and program parking lots were to be planned. Thirdly, landscape design was considered to create attractive tourist spots. For example, a fish farm was created as a theme street for pedestrians and various water-friendly spaces such as pedestrian ramps, observatories and seaside streets were to be secured. The main contents are as follows. First, a green bridge to Ahnnam Park was introduced for a tour source and flower garden, an event plan and viewing deck open to the sea were planned on the bridge's axis. Secondly, for the effective land use plan concerning open space and convenience to visitors, a promenade was planned, which is connected with the theme plaza and small plazas by environmental sculptures in front of the market hall and at the gate. As well, an observatory and a roof garden help create three dimensional multi leveled space, with a good view of the natural landscape of the sea, sky and park Thirdly, landscape materials, such as trees and those for facilities, strengthened for protection against the seawind and salt damage were selected. The commercial market area was intended to be transformed a traditional functional area of efficiency and economy into an attractive marine leisure area where both tourists and neighbors can make use of it.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.25-40
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• 2015

Korean tourist areas are designated/managed in accordance with the Tourism Promotion Act. Since Taejongdae was designated as a tourist area in 1969, a total of 230 tourist areas have been designated/built/operated. It has been 46 years since the first tourist area was designated. According to the Tourism Area Life Cycle by Butler, it is estimated that the flow of the life cycle will be reflected in ups and downs over time. Thus, this study aimed to provide basic data for suggesting the direction of changes and development of the future tourist areas after analyzing the life cycle stage of domestic tourist areas, by applying the Tourism Area Life Cycle by Butler. The research method was based on the tourist areas by year, the number of visitors, and data of the target to derive the change transition curve, obtained by dividing the life cycle stages of the tourist areas based on the visitor rate of change. In the analysis results, more than 1/3 of domestic tourist areas are reaching the stagnation/decline stage, and tourist areas such as hot springs and seaside/beach resources show a particularly high ratio of stagnation/decline. The tourist areas that already have reached the stagnation/decline stage will need to analyze the causes for the decline, seek for resolution measures, and introduce new innovative elements. Even though the results of this study are not sufficient to be used as an absolute standard to decide the life cycle stage of domestic tourist areas, it is considered to be adequate for phenomenologically understanding the life cycle stage of Korean tourist areas. Based on this study, the causes for the stagnation/decline of tourist areas can be revealed while it can be also used as basic research to establish revitalization measures for tourist areas by introducing new innovation.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.6 s.102
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• pp.537-545
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• 2005

Traditionally Jeju island has a mild oceanic climate throughout the year and famous as worldwide resort area bemuse of its pure natural environment and dramatic coastal scenery. But unpredicted coastal erosion problem, mused by variation of environmental conditions from construction of coastal structure and renovation of the existing ports, has raised its head above the water, and is becoming serious these days just like other coastal area in Korea. The phenomena happen here along the seaside of southern part of the island show that severe changes in coastal line from erosion and even witnessed the coastal cliff failure. In advanced countries, coastal engineers and researchers have studied deeply about this kind of problem for a long time. However, as it is not sot active in Korea and lack of research data, there exists difficulties on building protection methods and thoughtless constructions might make it more complicated and fatal to the coastal environment. In this study, we investigated some case studies of other countries and intended to induce and propose some integral protection methods for coastline erosion, considering environmentally sound and water friendly way of development such as artificial reef, floating breakwater, and double cellblock breakwater. Finally, we made analysis on the proposed methods with numerical model test and evaluation on the feasibility of each method.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.85-99
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• 1997

The improvements of berth productivity is closely related to berth/port systems and its relationship extends to the overall pattern of port development/logistics, transport and trade. Since ports in general and berths in specific function as a bridge transferring seaborne cargoes from seaside to landside and vice versa, berth productivity improvements should be considered in terms of the total system in which the cargoes are transported from origin to destination via berths/ports. In that respect, the objective of this study is to improve berth productivity which is a vital factor in the strategic planning in port development and operation and logistics. According to a literature survey on the subject, the contents of the studies have been limited to either a macro-perspective or a micro-perspective which is only a partial solution to the problem. Hence, this limitation requires an integrated approach to find and ultimate solution, which should be considered not separately, but as a whole. The contents and scope of this study cover the improvements of berth productivity in conjunction with strategic planning in port development. efficient operation and logistics from two different viewpoints, macro- and micro-perspective. After that, a combination of these two perspectives is applied to the integrated approach due to lacking a comprehensive perspective from either macro-approach or micro-approach. In reality, a port itself is a complex and dynamic organization. Therefore, a comprehensive insight needs an integrated approach for the long-term national economic development. In this approach, the utmost importance is how to find the bottlenecks and to solve the problems effectively from the beginning stage in port development. In conclusion, derived from the macro- and micro-perspective. the attempt to establish an integrated approach is the merit of this study, which is required as a comprehensive measure since none of the two can be a solution independently. In terms of reinforcing this study, it needs further empirical research due to the restriction of the theoretical method of this paper. Consequently, the reinforced research will be able to enhance the integrated approach on the basis of the conceptual perspective.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.306-312
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• 2017

This study was carried out to develop new hybrid zoysiagrass cultivar 'Seah' (The application no. for cultivar protection : 2014-22). Native zoysiagrasses were collected from south-west seaside of Korea from 2010 to 2011. Artificial crossing was conducted to develop F1 hybrid between Z2011 (Z. sinica) and NM1 (Z. matrella) at plastic house in 2011. Among the progenies, 'Seah' showed fine leaf texture and high shoot density from the space planting plots at field. 'Seah' showed genetically light green color, with fine leaf with 1.8mm and height to the lowest leaf blade was 1.94 cm. Ground coverage rate was slower than medium leaf zoysiagrass (Jung-gi), but plant height of 7.1 cm was the lowest among the compared zoysiagrasses and height to lowest leaf of 1.94 cm was lower than most zoysiagrass, which may allow low mowing height.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.687-695
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify landscape paintings of our ancestors in types and characteristics of beautiful natural scenery. In this study, 629 landscape paintings targeted natural scenery of the Joseon Dynasty period are used and classified into types of natural scenery by main target of paintings. As the results of this study, landscape paintings are classified into mountain, river, sea, city by place drawing painting. The paintings drawn in mountain are classified into a few mountain peaks, many mountain peaks, one mountain peak, curious rock of mountain, valley and waterfall. The paintings drawn in river are classified into river and mountain, river water, scenery of riverside and curious rock of river. The paintings drawn in sea are classified into scenery of seaside and curious rock of sea. And the paintings drawn in city are classified into panoramic view of the town. The type of natural scenery in landscape paintings can be summarized in 3, scenery of mountain peaks, scenery of curious rock peaks and waterspace when combine place drawing painting.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2005

Traditionally Jeju island has a mild oceanic climate throughout the year and famous as worldwide resort area bacause of its pure natural environment and dramatic coastal scenery. But unpredicted coastal erosion problem, caused by variation of environmental conditions from construction of coastal structure and renovation of the existing ports, has raised its head above the water, and is becoming serious these days just like other coastal area in Korea. The phenomena happen here along the seaside of southern part of the island show that severe changes in coastal line from erosion and even witnessed the coastal cliff failure. In advanced countries, coastal engineers and researchers have studied deeply about this kind of problem for a long time. However, as it is not sot active in Korea and lack of research data, there exists difficulties on building protection methods and thoughtless constructions might make it more complicated and fatal to the coastal environment. In this study, we investigated some case studies of other countries and intended to induce and propose some integral protection methods for coastline erosion, considering environmentally sound and water friendly way of developement such as artificial reef, floating breakwater, and double cellblock breakwater. Finally, we made analysis on the proposed methods with numerical model test and evaluation on the feasibility of each method.