• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.9 s.211
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• pp.71-84
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was firstly to identify how the characteristics of children(grades, birth order, self-consciousness), parents(age, educational level, employment status of mother, mother's parenting behavior), and context (private tutoring status, tying area) relate to children's stress and secondly to examine the relative effects of these variables on children's stress. The subjects of this study were 940(453 boys, 440 girls) children from grades 4 to 6 who were selected from three elementary schools in Seoul and Buchun. Data were analyzed with t-test, correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Girls get stressed easier than boys in terms of being treated distantly by their friends. (2) The study showed a negative relationship between children's stress and their self-consciousness such as general self-consciousness, teaming self-consciousness and total self-consciousness. (3) While the results showed a negative relationship between children's stress and mothers' acceptable behavior, the study revealed a positive relationship between children's stress and the mother's over protective behavior which in turn raised the children's stress level. (4) In 'total stress', it was recognized that boys were affected mostly tv grades in the children's variables category, while girls were affected by their general self-consciouness. In addition, both girls and boys were affected mostly by acceptable-refusal parental behavior in the parental variables category, and further affected by the living area in the category of conditional variables.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.133-144
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• 1998

This study focused on ordering factors influencing depression among late-elementary children. Subjects were 436 boys and girls enrolled in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of a public school. The contribution of grade, sex, 6 subtypes of stress, self-esteem, and social skills to depression was explored. The instruments were the Daily Hassles Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, Teenage Inventory of Social Skills, and Child Depression Inventory. Results indicated that self-esteem was the most influential factor in increasing the level of depression. Next was the stress issued from friends in both males and females. There was a statistically significant difference among grades in the level of stress related to friends. The level of stress issued from parents and self-esteem among grades were marginally associated with depression. Gender differences in the level of stress from parents, friends, self-esteem, and social skills were also evident. The results were discussed in the context of the effects of subtype stress, self-esteem, and social skills on depression.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.25-37
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• 2010

This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, academic achievement, and behavioral adjustment of adolescents in Korea. Using a sample of 181 parents and their children (13-15 years old), parents completed the Parental Authority Questionnaire and adolescents filled out the Youth Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and provided their school grades. Factor analysis was conducted on the PAQ to confirm the psychometric properties. Hierarchical regression analysis was computed to determine the relationship between maternal and paternal parenting styles, academic performance, and children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Regression analysis revealed that mother's authoritative parenting style was positively related with adolescents' grades in English. However, father's permissive was negatively related with adolescents' grades in English, Mathematics, and Science. Mother's permissive parenting styles showed negative effects of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems whereas father's permissive parenting styles showed positive effects of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between housing environment and elementary school children's personality. The samples of this research are 459 children from elementary schools in their fourth or higher year grades. The results were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and t-test, F-test and multi regression. The findings indicated that housing type does not have effect on environmental characteristics of children's room, while housing ownership type, housing size and children's room size have significant effects on them. Housing size and children's room size have significant effects on children's satisfaction. The larger children room provides higher satisfaction with children room environment. The finding showed that environmental characteristics of children's room have relationship with children's personality. The order of environmental characteristics of children's room has the highest relationship with children's personality.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to identify the scope of internet addiction in school age children in early grades of elementary school in Korea, and to identify factors affecting internet addiction fur these children. Method: The participants were 408 children from in grades 1 to 4 in four urban elementary schools. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include a parent-child internet addiction test, a self-control rating scale, and a scale of parent control of on-line use. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: Of the children, $71.6\%$ reported being average on-line users, $27.9\%$, heavy on-line users, and $0.5\%$, internet addicted. Self control and parent control of on-line use for average on-line users were different from that of heavy on-line users. Significant predictors influencing internet addiction were time spent on-line, self control, gender, father's occupation, on-line games, on-line use alone, and conversation with parents. These predictors accounted for $42\%$ of variance in internet addiction. Conclusion: The prevalence of heavy on-line use in children was higher than expected, and internet addiction was influenced by self control, time spent on-line, and related factors. Therefore nursing interventions for prevention and management of internet addiction need to be developed and provided to these children.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.95-104
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• 2003

The purpose of this research is to find out environmental characteristics of elementary school children's room, and determine the relationship between children's room environment and their emotional characteristics. For the research, used were a developed measurement instrument for environmental characteristics of children's room as well as the emotion measurement instrument published by Korean Testing Co. and developed by Dr. Lee Jong-seung for elementary school children in their higher year grades. The results showed that environmental characteristics of children's room has relationship with children's emotional characteristics. The order of environmental characteristics had a direct and high relationship with children's emotional characteristics, while originality had indirect relationship with children's emotional characteristics through intervening variables. The human relationship of children's emotional characteristics was the most influenced by children's room environmental characteristics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1009-1017
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• 1997

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status and growth development of children provided with and without the national school -lunch program(NLSP). The subjects consisted of 590 elementary school children (313 boys, 277 girls) in the 2nd, 4th and 6th grades provided with (n=390) and without (n=200) NSLP. anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness and body fat percentage. Nutrient intakes were assessed by a modified 24 -hour recall method. Fastinig blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, serum iron and total iron binding capacity. The results obtained are summarized as follows. No significant differences between children provided with and without NSLP were found in height and body weight, but triceps skinfold thickness and body fat(%) were significantly higher in children without NSLP than in those with NSLP. There was no significant difference in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit between children provided with and without NSLP. However, serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were higher in the children provided with NSLP(81.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 22.8%) than in the children without NSLP(73.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 20.9%). When comparing iron and vitamin C intakes , iron intake was significantly higher in children provided with school-lunch, but vitamin C intake was significantly higher in children provided without school-lunch. Percentages of iron -deficient anemia in underweight, normal and obese children when judged by total iron binding capacity were 14.9%, 12.5% and 25.8% respectively.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.103-107
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• 2002

Children in elementary school spend most of their time in their rooms in the housing environment. Children need to be provided with a new children's room environment that fits to their growth and development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to find out environmental characteristics of elementary school children's room. The samples are 633 children in their fourth or higher year grades. The results were analyzed using frequency, percentage, 1-test and F-test. For the research, used also were a developed measurement instrument in this study for environmental characteristics of children's room. The characteristics of children's room environment were categorized into ten items; convenience accessibility, order, ability to express, originality, safety, comfortability, privacy, territoriality, and social interaction. Children's rooms are designed to provide convenience and accessibility to children, but do not provide the creativity in them.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the relationship of perception of parenting attitude, behavior problems and resilience of school age children. Methods: Participants were 131 children enrolled in the 4th to 6th grades. Data were collected from November 29 to December 6, 2010 using a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire included the Parental Bonding Instrument, Korean version of Youth Self-Report, and Resilience. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results: There were significant differences in resilience according to gender, relationship with peers, academic achievement and school satisfaction. Resilience showed a positive correlation with parental bonding attitude and negative correlation with problem behavior in the children. Conclusion: This result suggests that interventions focusing on parenting attitude to enhance resilience should be developed to help school age children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.248-256
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• 1990

To compare Na intake and excretion in elementary school children in rural and urban areas of Korea, dietary intake record, urinary Na and K excretion and preference for salty taste were measured in 39 children in 4th grade in Seoul and 36 children in 4th and 5the grades in Kochang-gun)farming area) and their mothers. mean daily urinary Na excretions were 48.8mEq in children and 62.3mEq in mothers. Mothers showed significantly higher preference for salty taste compared to children(X2=16.09, p<0.01). Among the children, those in Seoul had higher preference for salty taste than those in Kochang-gun(X2=8.32, p<0.05). Since the children showed significantly lower preference for salty taste than mothers, more researches and efforts should be directed to prevent the shifts of the taste of the children in order to decrease their Na intake and the risk of hypertension later in life.