• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4843-4846
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• 2013

Background: The infusion rate is considered to affect incidence and severity of infusion reactions (IRs) caused by protein formulations. Trastuzumab (TRS) is approved for 90-minute infusion as the initial dose followed by 30-minute infusion with 250 ml saline. In the study, we evaluated the safety of TRS intravenously administered over 30 minutes with 100 ml saline to reduce burden of patients, safety of infusion with 250 ml saline already being established. Materials and Methods: Women with HER2 positive breast cancer, ${\geq}18$ years and ${\geq}55%$ left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), were registered in the study. Patients received 8mg/kg of TRS 250 ml over 90 minutes followed by 6mg/kg of TRS 100ml over 30 minutes in a three-week cycle. Results: A total of 31 patients were recruited, 24 for adjuvant therapy and seven with metastases. The median age was 59 years (range 39 to 82). The total number of TRS doses ranged from 5 to 17 with the median of 15. Mild IR occurred in two patients at the first dose. However, no IR was observed after reducing to 100 ml saline. No decrease of LVEF, increase of serum brain natriuretic peptide or any other adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Intravenous infusion of TRS with 100 ml saline over 30 minutes in breast cancer patients can be considered safe based on results from the study. It can be given on an outpatient basis as with the currently recommended dilution in 250 ml saline.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.529-538
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• 2010

Proline accumulates in plants under environmental stresses including saline stress and alkaline stress. Here, we investigated the responses to two different stresses, saline stress (200 mM NaCl) and alkaline stress (100 mM $Na_2CO_3$) in two Leymus chinensis (Trin.) genotypes, LcWT07 and LcJS0107, and effects of exogenous proline on the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Both saline stress and alkaline stress significantly induced the accumulation of proline in leaves of the two genotypes after 96 h, and alkaline stress caused a transient and significant increase in LcJS0107 plants at 6 h. A reduction in the activities of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), but not in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), was detected in plants exposed to saline and alkaline stresses. Remarkable decrease in relative water contents (RWC) was found in 144 h stressed plants. However, lipid peroxidation estimated by malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves remained relatively stable. With the addition of exogenous proline, it did not cause changes of proline levels in two genotypes, but combined with saline or alkaline stress, the exogenous application of proline significantly induced proline accumulation after even short treatment periods. Combined with salt stress, the exogenous application also increased the activities of CAT and APX. These results indicated that exogenous proline not only increases proline levels in vivo as a osmotic adjustment under stress, but mitigates the detrimental effects of saline and alkaline stresses by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1274-1277
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• 2008

The inactivating efficiency of alternating high-voltage pulsed (AHVP) current was investigated in brine (20 w/v% NaCl) and saline (0.9 w/v% NaCl) inoculated with $1\times10^7$ cells/ml of Listeria monocytogenes. AHVP current at 12 V with 1 pulse completely inactivated L. monocytogenes in brine within 3 ms, while the bacteria in saline were fully inactivated by 10-pulsed electric treatment at 12 V within the same time. Electron microscopic observation demonstrated substantial structural damage of electrically treated L. monocytogenes in brine. These results suggest that AHVP treatment would be effective for the rapid and complete inactivation of L. monocytogenes in brine or saline solution.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1319-1322
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• 2003

According to the evolutive theory of saline, combined with field survey data, the authors have discussed the theoretical model of recording past climatic change of Luobupo saline. After interpreted and analyzed the causes of the ringy image, the authors have mapped high resolution climatic changing graph of Luobupo saline during past 2000 years by using remote sensing method. Contrast to the known results, it is proved that the research results have comparability and continuity. The resolution of special climatic event can reach in one year, and in general, the resolution of climatic change can reach in ten to twenty years.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 1996

The effectiveness of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and deztran in the prevention of adhesion formation on the uterus and embryo collection in rabbits was elucidated. Following induction of adhesion on uterus and uterine horns by abrasion and retrograde flushing of embryos in gonadotropins primed rabbits, the solutions of saline (for control), 1% SCMC, 10% dextran and a synthetic solution of 1% SCNC and 10% dextran in saline were infused in the abdominal cavity at the dose of 5 ml/kg of body weight. The average percentage of adhesion was 11.1, 28.6, 41.7 and 73.3% in the rabbits infused with the synthetic, 1% SCMC, 10% dextran and saline solutions, respectively. The synthetic solution was more effective than other solutions in the rabbits. The average number and recovery rate of embryos were significantly (P<0.01) higher in the synthetic solution group than 1% SCMC, 10% dextran or saline solution groups. Among the collected embryos in the groups, the distribution of the normal embryos was higher in the synthetic solution group (99%) and the 10% dextran solution group (95.7%) than the 1% SCMC solution group (78.4%) and saline (66.2%). Theretore, a synthetic solution which is combined with 1% SCMC and 10% deztran in saline can be effectively used for the prevention of adhesion formation after uterine surgery and embryo collection.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of frozen gauze with normal saline on thirst and the oral health of patients with nasal surgery. Methods: A quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group pretest-post test design was used. Participants (n=52) received either gauze frozen with normal saline (n=26), or wet gauze (n=26). The subjective thirst level and oral health of the participants were assessed before the intervention, 30 minutes after the first intervention, 30 minutes after the second intervention, and 30 minutes after the third intervention. Results: After oral hygiene was provided twice, the thirst level was improved in patients receiving the gauze frozen with normal saline. After oral hygiene was provided a third time, the thirst level was improved in patients receiving the gauze frozen with normal saline. Conclusion: Gauze frozen with normal saline can be effective for oral hygiene in reducing the thirst level and improving the oral health in nasal surgery patients.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 2017

Surgical castration (also known as orchidectomy, ORX) has been frequently performed to avoid uncontrolled breeding. However, it has some serious disadvantages. Several laboratories have developed chemical castration methods, using bilateral intratesticular injection (BITI) of simple chemical solutions. The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of ORX and of hypertonic saline BITI on the androgen-sensitive tissues such as pituitary and hypothalamus. Serum testosterone (T) levels of ORX animals and hypertonic saline BITI animals (SAL) after 4 weeks of the manipulations exhibited significantly drops as compared with the levels of intact animals ( $Intact:ORX:SAL=7.74{\pm}1.31:1.34{\pm}0.19:1.28{\pm}0.18ng/ml$, p<0.001). Both ORX and BITI method induced similar stimulatory effects on the pituitary gonadotropin subunits and hypothalamic KiSS-1 gene expressions. In contrast, the effects of ORX and hypertonic saline BITI on hypothalamic GnRH gene expression were different from these gene expressions, shown an inverse relationship between the two groups ($Intact:ORX:SAL=1:0.45{\pm}0.06:1:2.07{\pm}0.41:1.51{\pm}0.37AU$; ORX, p<0.001; SAL, p<0.05). In conclusion, we provided evidence that hypertonic saline BITI method has equivalent efficacy of T depletion to surgical castration in rats. The present study suggests the hypertonic saline BITI could be a promising substitute to conventional surgical castration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.677-688
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to minimize salt water intrusion into freshwater aquifers and limit the development of freshwater aquifers, by selecting an appropriate excavation depth of in the western coastal area of Jeju Island. The study site was mostly basaltic lava, which was mainly composed of trachy basalt. A vertical logging test was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution of the groundwater and saline groundwater interface in the study well. It was found that freshwater groundwater, saline groundwater, and freshwater groundwater are distributed from the surface to approximately 16 m, 16~50 m, and 50~60 m, below the ground, respectively. In order obtain saline groundwater and minimize the inflow of freshwater into this well, the drilling depth should be limited in the range of 16~50 m from the surface. Thus, saline groundwater well development should be carried out with reference to the measurement results, which depend on the drilling depth and EC (electrical conductivity) obtained with drilling apparatus for geology and ground handling.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.467-476
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the exchange of saline used in surgical procedures on surgical site infections. Method: Patients with stomach cancer were assigned to the experimental group or to the control group by random sampling, respectively. The experimental group received an exchange of saline during the operation right after the excision of the stomach in a gastrectomy but the control group did not. Data were collected from the medical charts of 34 patients from Dec. 1, 2002 through May 31, 2003. Result: The surgical site infection rate of the experimental group was 5.9% while surgical site infection rate of the control group was 17.6%. In total, the surgical site infection rate was 11.8%. The experimental group maintained a normal level of WBC on post operative day 3; however, the control group, showed an increase of WBC on post operative day 3. Conclusion: The exchange of saline used in an operation immediately after the excision of the stomach in a gastrectomy decreases the contamination level of saline used in the operation, and can prevent surgical patients from a surgical site infection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 2005

To identify salt-tolerance characteristics of corn seedling was treated in solution of 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl of hydroponic cultivation. In photosynthesis of corn seedling, there was no large difference between 50mM and 0 mM NaCl solution, however, in 100 mM NaCl solution, the tolerance gradually decreased to $76\%,\;49\%,\;and\;31\%$ after one day, four days, and seven days, respectively, in comparison to 0 mM NaCl solution. Osmotic potential of corn in seedling period was significantly decreased with increasing saline level, however, free proline content in the plant on the ground was significantly increased with increasing saline level and with the lapse of time. In terms of correlation among major characteristics, there was a highly significant positive difference between osmotic pressure potential and photosynthesis, However, highly negative correlation was found between osmotic pressure potential and free proline content. In addition, it was expected that young seedling of corn with saline tolerance may be utilized in the transplantation in salt-accumulated land. Based on above-shown result, in terms of saline tolerance of Chalok-2 variety, growth suppression was serious with 100mM NaCl solution. However, growth was expected that seedling growth would be favorable under 50 mM NaCl solution.