• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.304-308
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• 2002

Quality characteristic of cookies processed with hot water extract powder from masted safflower seed(RSHE) was investigated. Proximate compositions of RSHE were 4.7% of moisture, 32.6% of crude protein, 6.5% of crude ash. Composition of fatty acids(91.4%) were 77.14% of linoleic acid and 12.12% of oleic acid in RSHE. Glutamic acid, aspatic acid, arginine and glycine were major amino acids. Asparagine(12.69 ㎎/g) and arginine(1.13 ㎎/g) were contented high level in free amino acid of RSHE. The major minerals of RSHE were K(41.95 ㎎/g) and Mg(4.63 ㎎/g). 'L' value of cookies with RSHE were decreased, but 'a' value were increased. The breaking force and hardness of cookies with RSHE were higher than those of control. Thickness of cookies with RSHE were thicker than those of control and RSP(powder from roasted safflower seed). By sensory evaluation of cookies, appearance, taste, texture and overall acceptability score of cookie with 0.1% RSHE recorded first rank.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1754-1760
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• 2007

To improve poor dye uptake of safflower yellow colorants, cellulose fibers were pretreated with chitosan. The effect of chitosan pretreatment on the dyeability of safflower yellow colorants to cotton, ramie, and rayon was investigated in terms of dye uptake, color, and colorfastness. Irrespective of fiber types, dye uptake increased continuously with increase in chitosan concentration. Chitosan pretreatment improved dye uptake up to 5.6 times for cotton, 7.2 times for ramie, and 3.7 times for rayon. For cotton and ramie, the shade of dyed fabric changed YR color to Y color with increase in chitosan concentration. Dyed rayon fabrics showed Y color irrespective of chitosan concentration. Shades got darker and deeper with increasing chitosan concentration. Shades of chitosan pretreated fabrics were shifted differently depending on dyeing temperature within same fabrics. In common, the color of all dyed fabrics changed to YR at 50 and $70^{\circ}C$ while Y color at 30 and $90^{\circ}C$. V and C value decreased with increase in dyeing temperature and resulted in darker and duller color, in general. Light fastness was fair while washing fastness was poor. It was confirmed that ultrasonic dyeing method enhanced dye uptake more than 30% for cotton and ramie fabrics compared to the conventional automatic machine dyeing method. However, no difference in dye uptake between two dyeing methods was found for rayon.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effect of satllower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed yoghurt on osteoporosis. Sham-operated rats(control) were fed basal diet for 6 weeks. Ovariectomized rats were divided into 6 different experimental groups including basal diet group(G I), yoghurt diet group(G II) and 1% to 4% safflower seed yoghurt diet group(GIII to GVI). and fed with the experimental diet for 6 weeks, respectively. The feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and body weight gains of rats fed with the experimental diet for 6 weeks were analyzed, respectively, and the weight. length, strength, mineral content and density in left femur of the animals were determined, respectively. Also, the right femur tissues were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The level of feed intake was not different among all experimental groups. The feed efficiency ratio and body weight gain were high in safflower seed yoghurt groups, and GV and GVI appeared high specially. Density, strength, ash content and minerals content in left femur were similar between control and G I, and increased with increasing the amount of satllower seed in yoghurt. On the other hand, weight and length in left femur showed no difference among all experimental groups. From the results of SEM observation of right femur tissue, GVI showed high healing effects. From the results of this experiment the healing effects of satllower seed yoghurt diet group were higher than those of control and G I. Among the treatments, GVI showed the highest healing effects on the osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.454-458
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• 2004

This study was carried out to clarify the effect of sulfur fertilization method on the qualities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) seed. Sulfur application increased the nitrogen and sulfur content of seed. In nitrogen content, there was no significant difference among sulfur fertilizers, whereas sulfur content was increased by raising ammonium sulfate (AS) amounts by soil application. In application method of AS, there was no significantly difference between foliar application and soil application with 8 kg S/10a. N/S ratio in seed was decreased by sulfur application, and also decreased with the increase of AS amounts by soil application. The contents of lipid and protein were increased by sulfur application. Lipid content was highest in foliar application, and protein content was lowest in AS 4 kg S/10a. By sulfur application, the content of total phenolics and electron donating ability (EDA) were increased by $3.1{\sim}4.7%$ and $3.6{\sim}8.5%$, respectively compared with control. In content of total phenolics, there was no significant difference among sulfur fertilizers, but EDA was higher in sulfur powder 20 kg/10a and AS 8 kg S/10a than that in other fertilizers. Sulfur application showed positive effects on the qualities of safflower seed. In application effects, AS and foliar application were more efficient than sulfur powder and soil application, respectively.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.385-394
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• 2016

A fabric excavated from tombs or passed down is not easy to find its original color as it degrades and discolors by UV and visible rays, oxygen and microorganisms. LC-MS analysis is commonly used for separating and analyzing colors, but color extraction process is complicated and important in dye-qualitative analysis. To extract red colors from a fabric which is dyed with safflower and lac, solvents; hydrogen chloride, pyridine and oxalic acid are used and oxalic acid was the most effective solvent. Meanwhile, dyed samples were put in degradation condition; UV-A for 168 hours and analyzed with LC-MS to find out its colors'chemical changes. As a result, carthamin is detected in $T_R$ 13 min and laccaic acid A is detected in $T_R$ 10 min. However carthamin is not detected in a degraded fabric dying with safflower, it could be identified as a safflower fabric by the molecular weight of m/z 931. Through this study the most optimal method for red color extraction is found so it is expected to be used as a base line data for red color LC-MS analysis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.3 s.58
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• pp.149-152
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• 2006

Natural safflower oleosomes are small ($1{\sim}3{\mu}m$) spherical shaped "reservoir", inside which the seed stores triglycerides for use as a future energy source. The surface of the oleosome is covered with a high molecular weight ($20{\sim}24$ KDa) oleosin protein which has been demonstrated to have emulsification properties. Traditionally, oleosomes from oil bearing seeds such as safflower were simply crushed to liberate the oil within. Our patented DermaSphere technology allows for the isolation of oleosomes in the intact state. Once isolated, these materials can be used in skin care formulations to deliver the emolliency, occlusivity, and anti-oxidant effects typically associated with safflower oil. However, because of the presence of the emulsifying oleosin protein covering the spherical oil body, oleosomes have self-emulsification property as well as can emulsify other oil phase in typical oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. The oleosomes can literally serve as the entire non-active portion of the oil phase of a typical skin care product. Most importantly, natural oleosomes can be loaded with other oil-soluble active materials and can therefore be used as delivery systems for improved cosmetic efficacies. Oleosomes can be loaded with various actives, such as fragrances, vitamins, inset repellents, and UV chromophores. The loaded oleosomes can be utilized to either protect the active ingredients within the formulation itself or to allow for control release of those actives over time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1162-1167
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• 2008

This study was to investigate the chemical compositions of germinated (GSS)- and ungerminated (UGSS)-safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds. GSS had higher amount of sugar and crude fiber than UGSS, but less amounts of protein and lipid. Levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol and essential amino acids of GSS were higher than those of UGSS, although there are no difference in fatty acid composition between GSS and UGSS. Among the nine phenolic compounds detected, five phenolic compounds, except for two lignans and two flavonoids, were found in both GSS and UGSS. Four serotonin derivatives accounted for about 80 per cent of total phenolic compounds, and levels of five phenolic compounds decreased slightly with germination. These results suggest that germination may enhance the functionality of safflower seed by increasing nutritional compositions and by decreasing phenolic compounds with bitter taste and cathartic effects.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.340-343
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find out the effect of rainfall time on growth and seed quality in safflower. Rainfall was done artificially and the treatment of rainfall time was divided into 6 parts. Each rainfall treatment was done from the first day of flowering up to the fifth day after flowering, from sixth day after flowering to the tenth day after flowering, from the eleventh day after flowering to the fifteenth day after flowering, from sixteenth day after flowering to twentith day after flowering, from the twenty first day after flowering to the twenty fifth day after flowering and from twenty sixth day after flowering to thirtith day after flowering. Rainfall time after flowering did not affect disease occurrence on the upper part and flower bud of safflower, which were infected at were 3.3 and 1, respectively. Ripened grain found on the main stem and primary branch was 37.4% and 65.0% at first day to the fifth day and sixth day to the tenth day rainfall periods after flowering, respectively. Yield was decreased by 14% in the sixth day up to the tenth day and eleventh day up to the fifteenth day rainfall periods (282-281kg/10a) compared to the one under control (327kg/10a). Hunter's L value was 73.5 and 69.9 in twenty first up to the twenty fifth day and twenty sixth up to the thirtith day rainfall periods after flowering, which decreased significantly to 79.3 under non-rainfall period. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum harvest time is twenty fifth day after flowering to maintain seed quality at rainfall time and before harvesting period.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2004

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information on mating parents and selection for high yielding safflower breeding. Thirty nine world safflower lines, which had collected from 13 countries of origjn, were evaluated for major agronomic characters, correlation and path-coefficients. The results obtained were summarized as follows. Days to flowers ranged from 83 days to 100 days. Days to flower of most foreign lines were later than that of domestic lines. Plant height ranged from 75 cm to 162 cm. The plant height and stem diameter of most foreign lines were higher than those of domestic lines. The leaf number and size of domestic lines were much more than those of foreign lines. The total branch numbers of foreign lines were more than domestic lines. Particularly, the number of third branch ranged from 0 to 25 and there were none in domestic lines. The number of corolla of foreign lines was much more than that of domestic lines. The yield of foreign lines collected from Central Asia and United States of America were more than any others. Significantly positive correlations were observed between yield and days to flower, stem diameter, the number of branch and the number of corolla. In the analysis of path-coefficient, the highest direct effects on yield was the number of corolla followed by the number of total branch, whereas those of the number of second branch and stem diameter were negative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 1993

This study was designed to observe the effects of the feeding Platycodon grandiflorum, Codonopsis Ianceolata, perilla oil and safflower oil on the fatty acid composition in serum and liver of dietary hypercholesterolemic rats. Experimental groups mixed with 5% cellulose +10% lard (group 1, control group), 2% cholestyraemine +10% lard (group 2), 5% C. ianceolata+ 10% perilla oil (group 3), 5% P. grandiflorum＋10% perilla oil (group 4), 5% C. ianceolata+10% safflower oil (group 5) and 5% P. grandiflorum＋10% safflower oil (group 6) were administered to the male rats of the Sprague Dawley for 3 weeks. In the fatty arid compositions of serum total fatty arid, phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester, the linoleic acid content was most in the PUFA and it was major fatty acid. Particularly, the other components except the phospholipid fraction in serum lipids were influenced by the fatty acid composition of the test lipids from the fact that linoleic acid content was remarkably more in the groups 5 and 6. In the fatty arid compositions of liver total fatty acid, phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester, the linoleic acid content was more in the PUFA and so it was major fatty acid. Particularly, the arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid contents of phospholipid fraction in liver lipids were rather more. from the above research, fatty arid composition of serum and liver lipid components were influenced by the fatty acid composition of the test lipids from the fact that linoleic acid takes up the highest percentage.