Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.9.1162

Chemical Comparison of Germinated- and Ungerminated-Safflower(Carthamus tinctorius) Seeds  

Kim, Eun-Ok (Dept. of Food Science & Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu)
Lee, Ki-Teak (Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University)
Choi, Sang-Won (Dept. of Food Science & Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition / v.37, no.9, 2008 , pp. 1162-1167 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was to investigate the chemical compositions of germinated (GSS)- and ungerminated (UGSS)-safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds. GSS had higher amount of sugar and crude fiber than UGSS, but less amounts of protein and lipid. Levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol and essential amino acids of GSS were higher than those of UGSS, although there are no difference in fatty acid composition between GSS and UGSS. Among the nine phenolic compounds detected, five phenolic compounds, except for two lignans and two flavonoids, were found in both GSS and UGSS. Four serotonin derivatives accounted for about 80 per cent of total phenolic compounds, and levels of five phenolic compounds decreased slightly with germination. These results suggest that germination may enhance the functionality of safflower seed by increasing nutritional compositions and by decreasing phenolic compounds with bitter taste and cathartic effects.
Keywords
germination; safflower seeds; proximate and functional compositions;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 12  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 3
연도 인용수 순위
1 Kim HJ, Bae YC, Choi SW, Cho SH, Park RW, Choi YS, Lee WJ. 2002. Bone-protecting effect of safflower seeds in ovariectomized rats. Calcif Tissue Int 71: 88-94   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Moon KD, Back SS, Kim JH, Jeon SM, Lee MK, Choi MS. 2001. Safflower seed extract lowers plasma and hepatic lipids in rats fed high-cholesterol diet. Nutr Res 21: 895-904   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Bae SJ, Shim SM, Park YJ, Lee JY, Chang EJ, Choi SW. 2002. Cytotoxicity of phenolic compounds isolated from seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on cancer cell lines. Food Sci Biotechnol 11: 140-146
4 Palter R, Lundin RE. 1970. A bitter principle of safflower, matairesinol monoglucoside. Phytochemistry 9: 2407-2409   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Kim EO, Lee JY, Choi SW. 2006. Quantitative changes in phenolic compounds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds during growth and processing. J Food Sci Nutr 11: 311-317   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Kim JS, Kim JG, Kim WJ. 2004. Changes in isoflavone and oligosaccharides of soybeans during germination. Korean J Food Sci Technol 36: 294-298   과학기술학회마을
7 Korea Food and Drug Administration. 2002. Food Standard Code (Appendix). Seoul, Korea. p 3-29
8 Kim EO, Oh JH, Lee SK, Lee JY, Choi SW. 2007. Antioxidant properties and quantification of phenolic compounds from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. Food Sci Biotechnol 16: 71-77   과학기술학회마을
9 Kawashima S, Hayashi M, Takii T, Kimura H, Zhang HL, Nagatsu A, Sakakibara J, Murata K, Oomoto Y, Onozaki K. 1998. Serotonin derivative, N-(p-coumaroy10 serotonin, inhibits the production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, and IL-6 by endotoxin-stimulated human blood monocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 18: 423-428   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Takii T, Hayashi M, Hiroyuki H, Chiba T, Kawashima S, Zhang HL, Nagatsu A, Sakakibara J, Onozaki K. 1999. Serotonin derivative, N-(p-coumaroyl0 serotonin, isolated from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil cake augments the proliferation of normal human and mouse fibroblasts in synergy with basic fibroblast growth factor ($\beta$FGF) or epidermal growth factor (EGF). J Biochem 125: 910-915   DOI
11 Palter R, Lundin RE, Haddon WF. 1972. A cathartic lignan glycoside from Carthamus tinctorus. Phytochemistry 11: 2871-2874   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Lee JH, Baek IY, Kang NS, Ko JM, Kim HT, Jung CS, Park KY, Ahn YS, Suh DY, Ha TJ. 2007. Identification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant effects from the exudate of germinating peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Food Sci Biotechnol 16: 29-36   과학기술학회마을
13 Choi HD, Kim YS, Choi IW, Park YK, Park YD. 2006. Hypotensive effect of germinated brown rice on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Korean J Food Sci Technol 38: 448-451   과학기술학회마을
14 Shin HS. 1974. Study on lipid metabolism of soybean during sprouting. Korean J Agric Chem 17: 240-246
15 Kim JH, Kwak DY, Choi MS, Moon KD. 1999. Comparison of the chemical compositions of Korean and Chinese safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Korean J Food Sci Technol 31: 912-918
16 Kim EM, Lee KJ, Chee KM. 2004. Comparison in isoflavone contents between soybean and soybean sprouts of various soybean cultivars. Korean J Nutr 37: 45-51
17 Izumi T, Piskula MK, Osawa S, Obata A, Tobe K, Saito M, Kataoka S, Kubota Y, Kikuchi M. 2000. Soy isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in higher amounts than their glucosides in humans. J Nutr 130: 1695-1699
18 Lukasz W, Malgorzata G, Tomasz Z, Waldemar B, Lech R, Stefan J. 2006. A comparative study of water distribution, free radical production and activation of antioxidative metabolism in germinating pea seeds. J Plant Physiology 163: 1207-1220   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Saikusa T, Horino T, Mori Y. 1994. Accumulation of $\gamma$- aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rice germ during water soaking. Biosci Biotech Biochem 58: 2291-2292   DOI
20 Lee BJ, Jang HS, Lee GH, Oh MJ. 2003. Changes in chemical compositions of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata DUCH.) seed sprouts. Korean J Food Preservation 10: 527-533   과학기술학회마을
21 Kang GH, Chang EJ, Choi S. 1999. Antioxidative activity of phenolic compounds in roasted safflower seeds. J Food Sci Nutr 4: 221-225   과학기술학회마을
22 이상인. 1981. 본초학. 수서원, 서울. p 459-460
23 한대석. 1988. 생약학. 동명사, 서울. p 270-271
24 성종환, 하영선, 임무현, 임정교, 강갑석. 2005. 식품과 건강. 형설출판사, 서울. p 108- 109
25 김인환. 1992. 신약본초. 인산동천문화사, 서울. p 567-568
26 Zhang HL, Nagatsu A, Watanabe T, Sakakibara J, Okuyama H. 1997. Antioxidative compounds isolated from safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) oil cake. Chem Pharm Bull 45: 1910-1914   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Kadlec P, Kaasova J, Bubnik Z. 2003. Chemical and physicochemical changes during microwave treatment of rice. Food Sci Biotechnol 12: 219-223
28 Roh JS, Sun WS, Oh SU, Lee JI, Oh WT, Kim JH. 1999. In vitro antioxidant activity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) seeds. Food Sci Biotechnol 8: 88-92
29 Sakamura A, Terayama Y, Kawakatsu S, Ichihara A, Saito H. 1978. Conjugated serotonins related to cathartic activity un safflower seeds (Carthamus tinctorious L.). Agric Biol Chem 42: 1805-1806   DOI
30 Shimoni E. 2004. Stability and shelf life of bioactive compounds during food processing and storage: soy isoflavone. J Food Sci 69: 160-166   ScienceOn
31 Seo HJ, Kim JH, Yun KD, Jeon SM, Ku SK, Lee JH, Moon KD, Choi MS. 2000. The effects of safflower seed powder and its fraction on bone tissue in rib-fractured rats during the recovery. J Korean Nutr 32: 411-420   과학기술학회마을
32 Chung SY, Choi HJ, Chung MW, Ahn MR, Yoo TM, Rheu HM, Yang JS. 2002. Effects of safflower seed on the fracture healing in rat tibia. Arch Pharm Res 25: 313-317   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Cho SH, Choi SW, Choi YS, Kim HJ, Park YH, Bae YC, Lee WJ. 2007. Effect of ethanol extract of safflower seed on bone loss in ovariectomized rat. Food Sci Biotechnol 16: 392-397   과학기술학회마을
34 Cho SH, Choi SW, Choi YS, Lee WJ. 2001. Effects of defatted safflower and perilla seed powders on lipid metabolism in ovariectomized female rats fed high cholesterol diets. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 30: 112-118   과학기술학회마을
35 Cho JH, Lee HL, Kim TH, Choi SW, Lee WJ, Choi YS. 2004. Effects of defatted safflower seed extract and phenolic compounds in diet on plasma and liver lipid in ovariectomized rats fed high-cholesterol diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 50: 32-37   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Choi HD, Kim YS, Choi IW, Seog HM, Park YD. 2006. Anti-obesity and cholesterol-lowering effects of germinated brown rice in rats fed with high fat and cholesterol diets. Korean J Food Sci Technol 38: 674-678   과학기술학회마을
37 Hwang EJ, Lee SY, Kwon SJ, Park MH, Boo HO. 2006. Antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Fagopyrum esculentum Möench extract in germinated seeds. Korean J Med Crop Sci 14: 1-7