• Smart Media Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.58-64
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• 2017

Modern society is characterized by rapid increase in world population, aging of the rural population, decrease of cultivation area due to industrialization. The food problem is becoming an important issue with the farmers and becomes rural. Recently, the researches about the field of the smart farm are actively carried out to increase the profit of the rural area. The existing smart farm researches mainly monitor the cultivation environment of the crops in the greenhouse, another way like in the case of poor quality t is being studied that the system to control cultivation environmental factors is automatically activated to keep the cultivation environment of crops in optimum conditions. The researches focus on the crops cultivated indoors, and there are not many studies applied to the cultivation environment of crops grown outside. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the harvestability of poor areas by monitoring the areas with bad harvests by using big data analysis, by precisely predicting the harvest timing of fruit trees growing in orchards. Factors besides for harvesting include fruit color information and fruit weight information We suggest that a harvest correlation factor data collected in real time. It is analyzed using the Apache Spark engine. The Apache Spark engine has excellent performance in real-time data analysis as well as high capacity batch data analysis. User device receiving service supports PC user and smartphone users. A sensing data receiving device purpose Arduino, because it requires only simple processing to receive a sensed data and transmit it to the server. It regulates a harvest time of fruit which produces a good quality fruit, it is needful to determine a poor harvest area or concentrate a bad area. In this paper, we also present an architectural model to determine the bad areas of fruit harvest using strong data analysis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.589-594
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• 2013

Background: Prospective cohort studies to determine cofactors with oncogenic HPV-infections for cervical cancer are very rare from developing countries and such data are limited to the few screening trials. Large screening trials provide such data as a by product. Some of the cases are prevented by screening and do not surface as invasive cancers at all. Also, pre-invasive lesions are detected almost entirely by screening. Screening causes selection bias if attendance in or effectiveness of screening is correlated with the risk factors. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of screening on risk factors for cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: Our material stems from a rural cohort of 80,000 women subjected to a randomised screening trial. The effect of screening on the incidence of cervix cancer was estimated with reference to socio-demographic and reproductive risk factors of cervical cancer. We compared these risks with the incidence of cancer in the randomised control population by the same determinants of risk. Results: The results in the screening arm compared to the control arm showed that the women of low SES and young age were benefitting more than those of high SES and old age. The relative risk by age (30-39 vs 50-59) was 0.33 in the control arm and 0.24 in the screening arm. The relative risk by education (not educated vs educated) was 2.8 in the control arm and 1.8 in the screening arm. The previously married women did not benefit (incidence 113 and 115 per 100,000 women years in control vs screening arms) whereas the effect was substantial in those married (86 vs 54). Conclusions: The results in controls were consistent with the general evidence, but results in attenders and nonattenders of the screening arm showed that screening itself and self-selection in attendance and effectiveness can influence the effect estimates of risk factors. The effect of cervical cancer screening programmes on the estimates of incidence of cervical cancer causes bias in the studies on etiology and, therefore, they should be interpreted with caution.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7853-7857
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• 2015

Background: Mortality from breast cancer is high in low- and middle-income countries, in part because most patients have advanced stage disease when first diagnosed. Case-finding may be one approach to changing this situation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a pilot study to explore the feasibility of population-based case finding for breast cancer by community health workers (CHWs) using different data collection methods and approaches to management of women found to have breast abnormalities. After training 8 CHWs in breast problem recognition, manual paper data collection and operation of a cell-phone software platform for reporting demographic, history and physical finding information, these CHWs visited 3150 women >age 18 and over they could find-- from 2356 households in 8 villages in rural Bangladesh. By 4 random assignments of villages, data were collected manually (Group 1), or with the cell-phone program alone (Group 2) or with management algorithms (Groups 3 and 4), and women adjudged to have a serious breast problem were shown a motivational video (Group 3), or navigated/accompanied to a breast problem center for evaluation (Group 4). Results: Only three visited women refused evaluation. The manual data acquisition group (1) had missing data in 80% of cases, and took an average of 5 minutes longer to acquire, versus no missing data in the cell phone-reporting groups (2,3 and 4). One woman was identified with stage III breast cancer, and was appropriately treated. Conclusions: Among very poor rural Bangladeshi women, there was very limited reluctance to undergo breast evaluation. The estimated rarity of clinical breast cancer is supported by these population-based findings. The feasibility and efficient use of mobile technology in this setting is supported. Successor studies may most appropriately be trials focusing on improving the suggested benefits of motivation and navigation, on increasing the numbers of cases found, and on stage of disease at diagnosis as the primary endpoint.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.197-219
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• 2003

Using the panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we test the effects of relative status inconsistency within American young couples on the direction of migration as well as on migration propensities. Key findings in this study indicate that only couples in which the wife's education is greater than the husband's education are less likely to migrate than couples for which the wife's status is as lower than the husband's. There are no differences in the propensity for rural couples to migrate to urban counties or for urban couples to migrate to rural counties based on status inconsistency between spouses. However, we find that there is the gendered difference in the effect of status inconsistency on the probability of family migration. A spouse's higher status has an impact on a wife's probability of migration but does not affect a husband's migration propensity in a comparable situation. These findings are most consistent with a gender role perspective on migration since increases in the wife's status have little effect on family migration, once the presence and age of children is controlled.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.43-47
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is evaluate for effect quality eye care to the aged population of rural community. This study investigated one of important factors in dispensing distance pupillary distance. measured reading pupillary distance, calculated reading pupillary distance into age group and sex. I measured pupillary distance and near inter pupillary distance with corneal reflection pupillometer(shin Nippon PD-82) The objects are male and female living rural community at least 60 years old. The mean pupillary distance for distance of male and female were 63.52 mm, 61.24 mm, respectively. The mean measured reading pupillary distance of male and female were 60.12 mm, 58.08 mm, respectively. Gradient and difference between male and female were same with mean pupillary distance for distance. The result of comparison the mean difference of the mean measured reading pupillary distance and the calculated reading pupillary distance into the age group and sex. This result of changes of addition, as the age is older, the mean addition is greater than youth. I'd like to compare changes of these factors influenced by environmental factors, however I couldn't see about these. So I couldn't considered their relationship and some possible problems of wearing commercial reading glass.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.575-583
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• 2015

The Korea Transport Institute (KOTI) builds the origin and destination(O-D) trip data with relatively smaller zone size such as Eup, Myeon, Dong administration unit districts in metropolitan area. Otherwise, O-D trip data was built by bigger size of traffic analysis zone(TAZ) such as Si, Gun, Gu administration unit districts for rural area. In some cases, it is needed to divide a zone into several sub-zones for rural area in order to analyze travel distribution pattern in detail for a certain highway and rail project. The study suggested a method to estimate O-D trips for sub-zones in the larger-size zones in rural area. Two different distribution models, direct demand model and gravity model, were calibrated for sub-zone's intra-zonal O-D trip pattern with metropolitan area O-D data which has smaller zone-size (sub-zone) data categorized by low, middle and high population density. The calibration results were compared between the two models. The gravity model with impedance function of power functional form was selected with better explanation for all groups in the metropolitan area. The adjusted $R^2$ was 0.7426, 0.6456 and 0.7194 for low, middle and high population density group, respectively. The suggested O-D trip estimating method is expected to produce enhanced trip patterns with sub-divided small zones.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.435-447
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• 2022

The soybean podborer, Matsumuraeses falcana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of important pests in soybean crop. In the purpose of forecasting population dynamics of M. falcana, we investigated the effects of temperature on development of each life stage, adult longevity and fecundity of Matsumuraeses falcana at seven constant temperatures of 10, 13, 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31℃. Eggs hatched successfully at all temperature subjected. M. falcana developed from egg hatching to adult emergence at the tested temperatures except 10, 13, and 31℃. The developmental period of each life stage and adult longevity of M. falcana decreased as temperature increased. The lower developmental threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) from egg hatching to adult emergence of M. falcana were estimated by linear regression as 10.2℃ and 492.04DD, respectively. Lower and higher threshold temperature (TL and TH) were calculated by the Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois (LRF) and Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) models. TL and TH from egg hatching to adult emergence using SSI model were 16.7℃ and 29.1℃. Thermal windows, i.e., the range in temperature between the minimum and maximum rate of development, of M. falcana was 12.4℃. We constructed the adult oviposition model of M. falcana using adult survivorship and fecundity. Temperature-dependent immature development and adult oviposition models will help constructing the population model of M. falcana and developing the strategies of integrated pest management in soybean fields.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.542-549
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• 2021

Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is an economically important pest in citrus orchards. This study was conducted to elucidate the over-wintering stage of P. citrella through experiments on the survival rate of P. citrella at low temperatures and field investigations during the winter season. There was a significant difference in the survival period depending upon the over-wintering stage of P. citrella at low temperatures, and the adults survived longer than the pupae. Evaluation of the survival period after inoculating citrus orchards with P. citrella adults and pupae showed that only the adults survived until mid-March of the following year, but all pupae died in January. This suggests that considering the fact that the germination of spring shoots in Jeju generally begins in mid-March, over-wintering adults are likely to form an early population the next year. However, pupae may not contribute to the formation of the initial population in the early season after wintering in fall shoots that are prone to freezing damage in winter because P. citrella could only survive in pupal chambers formed in fall shoots. Therefore, these results suggest that P. citrella adults that emerge in late autumn can over-winter in citrus orchards in Jeju, Korea.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.1 s.37
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• pp.71-81
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• 2004

The $18^{th}$ century's Industrial Revolution brought about influx of commerce, industry, and agricultural population into the urban areas, entering the $19^{th}$ century. Quality of rural communities declined, and the exploding population in the cities gave rise to various problems. 'Mietskaserne' Blockhousing was constructed by the 'Hobrechtplan', but led to social problems such as poor living conditions, insufficient sunshine due to overcrowding, slums due to incomplete urban infrastructure, epidemics, and so on. Starting in the early $20^{th}$ century, Berlin has driven forward a remodeling plan under the motto of 'critical reconstruction (kritische Rekonstruktion)'. It is performed in the place, which represents the vicissitudinous history of Berlin with site plans coexisting past with presence, using modern vocabulary of architectural forms. Reconstructing a city is a process which not only raises the economic value of each building consisting a city, but also a redevelopment process that brings out cultural value of an era. When a new era emerges buildings get reconstructed or rebuilt, and thereby form the identity of a city by reflecting its society, culture, politics, economy, and history. Old German architecture were not destroyed or rebuilt recklessly just by the fact that they are functionally or aesthetically outdated. Each building is treated as precious cultural heritage reflecting the history. This is how Berlin is being transformed today.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 1993

Mycoplasma pneumoniae(M. pneumoniae) is a primary pathogene of the respiratory tract in children. Most studies of such pneumonia involve a group of admitted patients in hospital, usually with major medical illness. We retrospectively studied the epidemiologic and clinical feature of 105 patients with serologically proven M. pneumoigic pneumonia treated at Gwang-Yang Hospital during a epidemic period of Jun. 1993 to Dec. 1993. All cases of pneumonia developed in this period were also reviewed and compared with serologically proven group. The results were as follows. 1. There were 63 males and 42 females, and the male /female ratio was 1.5 : 1. 2. More than half(57%) of cases belonged to 5-9 years of age group, and mean age was 6.5 years old. 3. Mean age was steadily decreased as prevalence of mycoplasmal pneumonia had been subsided. 4. The date of index case was June 26th, and that of median case was 3 months after the index case. 5. A major determinant of the outbreak seemed to be the population density rather than the population size. 6. Recurrence and serious complication were not observed in this period. 7. All cases of pneumonia developed in this period might be attributed to M. pnemoniae. These epidemiologic and clinical characteristics would contribute to the prevention and diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia.