• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1496-1501
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• 2002

A $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of dietary Zn on performance and immune response of acutely endotoxemic growing pigs (n=96, mean BW=24.9 kg). Factors included 1) intramuscular injection of $10{\mu}g/kg$ BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or control and 2) supplemental Zn at 10, 50, or 150 ppm. Diets were fed beginning after weaning (initial body weight=7.6 kg) in the nursery and continued for 16 d into the grower phase. The basal corn-soybean meal grower diet contained 1% lysine and 34.3 ppm Zn. Pigs were acclimated for 12 d in the growerfinishing facility before LPS treatment on d 13. Gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were unaffected by dietary Zn. Feed intake decreased (p<0.10) and gain/feed was greater (p<0.10) from d 13 to d 16 for pigs injected with LPS. Serum Zn and alkaline phosphatase activity increased (p<0.05) with increasing Zn levels. The febrile response to LPS peaked at 6 h post exposure and pigs were afebrile within 12 h. Rectal temperature was greater (p<0.05) in pigs receiving 50 and 150 ppm Zn than in pigs supplemented with 10 ppm Zn. In vivo cellular immune response, measured on d 13 by skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), was greater after 6 h (p<0.05) in pigs fed 10 ppm Zn and exposed to LPS compared to all other treatments, but was not affected at 12, 24 or 48 h. Zinc did not affect mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation. Zinc supplemented at 50 or 150 ppm resulted in an enhanced febrile response in pigs subjected to iatrogenic endotoxemia, but did not affect pig performance or immune response measurements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.597-604
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc aspartic acid chelate (Zn-ASP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 crossbred ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 25.56±2.22 kg were used in a 6-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their sex and BW (8 replicates with 2 gilts and 3 barrows per replication pen). Treatments were as follows: i) CON, basal diet, ii) TRT1, CON+0.1% Zn-ASP, iii) TRT2, CON+0.2% Zn-ASP, and iv) TRT3, CON+0.3% Zn-ASP. Pens were assigned in a randomized complete block design to compensate for known position effects in the experimental facility. Results: In the current study, BW, average daily gain, and gain:feed ratio showed significant improvement as dietary Zn-ASP increased (p<0.05) in growing pigs. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter was increased linearly (p<0.05) in pigs fed with Zn-ASP diets. A linear effect (p<0.05) was detected for the Zn concentration in blood with the increasing levels of Zn-ASP supplementation. Lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria were affected linearly (p<0.05) in pigs fed with Zn-ASP diets. However, no significant differences were observed in the ATTD of nitrogen, energy and Zn. And dietary Zn-ASP supplementation did not affect fecal ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and total mercaptans emissions in growing pigs. Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Zn-ASP of diet exerted beneficial effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbes in growing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.778-789
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• 2021

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary glucose oxidase (GOx) supplementation on the reproductive performance, litter performance, total tract digestibility, and blood profile of lactating sows fed corn- wheat-based diet. A total of twenty multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were allocated into one of four treatments with five replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: CON (Basal diet), GO1 (basal diet + 200 U GOx/kg), GO2 (basal diet + 300 U GOx/kg), GO3 (basal diet + 400 U Gox/kg). Dietary GOx supplementation did not affect lactating sow's reproduction performance as well as body weight, backfat thickness, and body condition score during pre and post farrowing, and at weaning (p > 0.05). However, after farrowing to weaning period lactating sow's fed GOx supplement has linearly (p = 0.0196) decreased the bodyweight loss. While, there were no effects (p > 0.05) observed on sows backfat thickness loss, average daily feed intake, and estrus interval among treatment groups. Dietary supplementation of GOx has linearly improved the body weight gain (p = 0.049) and average daily gain (p = 0.040) of suckling piglets. The total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was linearly increased with the graded level of GOx supplement. Also, a linear effect was observed on the glucose and superoxide dismutase of blood profile with the dietary inclusion of GOx. In summary, our finding indicates that the dietary inclusion of GOx supplement with corn- wheat-based diet had a beneficial effect on the nutrient digestibility and blood profile of lactating sows and improved the growth performance of suckling piglets.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.163-170
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• 2022

This study investigates the effects of the dietary inclusion of zinc oxide (ZnO) on the growth performance, apparent total digestibility, and the fecal scores of growing pigs fed a corn-wheat-based diet. In total, 84 crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) growing pigs with an initial body weight of (20.86 ± 0.64 kg) (4 pigs·pen^-1; 2 gilts and 2 barrows; 7 replications·treatment^-1) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups based on body weight (BW) and sex in a three-week trial. The dietary treatments were as follows: TRT1 (CON [basal diet]), TRT2 (CON + 0.07% ZnO), and TRT3 (CON + 1% ZnO). Dietary ZnO supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) improved body weight gain (BWG) of growing pigs at weeks 2 and 3 compared to the control diet. In addition, dietary ZnO supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) at weeks 2, 3, and overall. However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) remained unaffected throughout the trial. Regarding the total tract nutrient digestibility of nitrogen, dry matter was significantly improved with an increased level of ZnO supplementation. In addition, dietary supplementation of ZnO significantly reduced fecal scores in grower pigs at the initial period compared to the control diet. In summary, dietary inclusion of zinc oxide via supplementation improved growth performance, and total tract digestibility and reduced the fecal scores of growing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2022

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of supplementation of low-energy diets with PROSOL^® (sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate) as an emulsifier on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 120 crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) growing pigs with an average initial body weight of 23.80 ± 4.87 kg were used in a 56-day feeding trial and were sorted into three dietary treatments. Each treatment utilized eight replications with five pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were as follows: PC (high, net energy diet [NE] = 2,488 kcal·kg^-1 [weeks 1 to 4] and NE = 2,477 kcal·kg^-1 [weeks 5 to 8]); NC (low, NE = 2,472 kcal·kg^-1 [weeks 1 to 4] and NE = 2,468 kcal·kg^-1 [weeks 5 to 8]); NC1 (NC + 0.05% PROSOL^® emulsifier). Growth performance outcomes were measured at the initial point and at weeks 4 and 8 while nutrient digestibility parameters were measured at weeks 4 and 8. From weeks 1 - 8, body weight and the average daily gain of the NC1 group pigs showed significant increases (p < 0.05) compared to those of the PC and NC treatment groups. At the end of the trail, pigs fed a diet containing low net energy with 0.05% of the emulsifier showed reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) levels. However, the average daily feed intake and nutrient digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen remained unaffected throughout the experiment. In summary, the addition of a low-net-energy diet with 0.05% sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate as an emulsifier enhanced the body weight and daily gain with no adverse effects on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.996-1006
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• 2019

Objective: This study aimed to gain deeper insights into the dynamic changes in spoilage fungi populations during fermentation and the influence of traditional additives on silage quality. Methods: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) was prepared without any additive (control), and with the addition of 0.5% salt, and 0.5% salt-0.2% sugar mixture. The fungal community was then determined using a classic culturing method and high-throughput sequencing at 0, 5, 15, and 60 days after ensiling. Results: The results showed that the fungal community of elephant grass silage varied significantly between the natural fermentation without any additive and the two additive groups. The diversity and relative abundance of spoilage molds in the control group were much higher than those in the two treatment groups (p<0.05). Three species of yeasts (Candida sp., Pichia sp., Trichosporon sp.) and four spoilage molds (Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Muco sp. and Penicillin sp.) were the predominant fungi in elephant grass during natural fermentation from 0 to 60 days, which were found to be significantly decreased in salt and sugar additive groups (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the diversity and relative abundance of undesirable molds in the 0.5%-salt additive group were the lowest among all groups. Conclusion: Adding salt and sugar, particularly 0.5% salt, is a promising effective approach to reduce the amount of undesirable fungi thus, improving the silage quality of elephant grass in northern Vietnam.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2014

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the richest sources of flavonoids in human diet. Onion peel contains over 20 times more quercetin than onion flesh. In this study, we studied the effects of onion peel water extract (OPE) on the blood lipid profiles in mice. The onion peel extracts was extracted with hot water. The experimental groups were divided with 3 groups (n = 6) of ICR male mice: normal diet + distilled water (NC), high-fat diet + distilled water (HF), high-fat diet + onion peel water extract 20 mg/kg (OPE-20). The oral administration was conducted daily. The experimental period was 7 weeks. Onion peel water extract showed higher concentration of polyphenol gallic acid and anti-oxidant trolox equivalent than the ethanol extract. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio was significantly lower in the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p < 0.05). The epididymal fat and retroperitoneal fat showed significantly lower weights and sizes in the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p < 0.05). The serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly lower in the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p < 0.05). The OPE-20 group showed higher HDL cholesterol concentration than HF group (p < 0.05). Atherogenic index was ignificantly lower in as compared with HF group (p < 0.05). The serum levels of glucose, GOT and GPT were significantly lower in the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p < 0.05). In these results, we suggests that onion peel water extracts supplementation can reduces the serum lipid components and improves the lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice induced with a high-fat diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1744-1751
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• 2011

This study was conducted to compare the effects of feeding dry or fermented (aerobically or anaerobically with or without lactic acid bacteria) restaurant food residue mixture-containing diets on animal performance and blood profiles. Rats were used as the model animal for the simulation of laboratory rodents, rabbit or horse feeding and fed for 4 wks. The results were compared with feeding a dry diet (control) with the same ingredient composition as diets processed by aerobic and anaerobic methods. Feeding all the fermented diets tended to increase (p>0.05) average daily gain of rats resulting in improved (p<0.01) feed efficiency. Apparent digestibility of NDF was increased (p<0.05) by feeding the fermented diets, although digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and NFC were not affected (p>0.05). Compared with the aerobically fermented diet, digestibility of ADF was increased (p<0.05) for the anaerobically fermented diet and for the 0.5% LAB culture plus anaerobically fermented diet. The digestibility of crude ash tended to increase (p>0.05) with feeding of the fermented diets. Feeding either of the fermented diets had little effects on serum nutrients, electrolytes, enzymes and blood cell profiles of rats except sodium and uric acid concentrations. These results showed that compared with feeding a dry food residue-containing diet, feeding aerobically or anaerobically fermented diets showed better animal performance as indicated by higher feed efficiency and rat growth rate. These improvements were attributed to the desirable dietary protein conservation during the food residue fermentation process and to higher total tract digestibilities of NDF and crude ash in the fermented food residue diets.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.9B
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• pp.591-595
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose the fairness improvement leaky bucket (PILB) algorithm as a traffic policing mechanism. In the proposed algorithm, there is a cell buffer for every ATM connection in order to store date cells. Network decides whether an ATM connection obeys the contracted traffic parameter, and stores data cells in the cell buffer if the connection obeys but is considered as violated the contract due to temporary lack of network resource. By using the proposed algorithm, we can obtain the statistical multiplexing gain that is the superiority of packet switching network. Moreover, when a connection tries to transmit more data cells by violating the contracted traffic parameters, the connection is prevented from using excess network resource, which incurs all connections sharing network resource fairly. The performance of the proposed FILB algorithm is investigated by using the simulation. The result shows that the proposed algorithm provides superior performance and all connections within a group share network resource fairly. The proposed algorithm can be applied not only the ATM network but also IP network.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.235-243
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• 2017

A total of 112 crossbred pigs [(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of $27.98{\pm}1.28kg$ were used to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with rapeseed meal (RSM) as a source of protein on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs. The pigs were blocked and stratified based on BW into one of four dietary treatments in a 6-week trial. Each treatment consisted of 7 replicate pens with 4 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 2 gilts). Treatments were 1) maize-SBM based diet, 2) diet containing 2% RSM, 3) diet containing 4% RSM, and 4) diet containing 6% RSM. Supplementation with RSM resulted in no differences in growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and noxious gas emission, as compared with SBM supplementation during the experimental period (p > 0.05). Pigs fed with increased dietary RSM (0, 2, 4, and 6% of feed) had linear decreases in average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.010) and nitrogen digestibility (p = 0.036) and a linear increase in blood creatinine concentration. In conclusion, RSM fed pigs had no detrimental effects on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and fecal noxious gas emissions, as compared with SBM fed pigs. Thus, RSM is a good alternative to SBM as a protein source in growing pigs' diets.