Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Dietary Zinc Effects on Growth Performance and Immune Response of Endotoxemic Growing Pigs

  • Roberts, E.S. (Department of Farm Animal Health and Resource Management North Carolina State University) ;
  • van Heugten, E. (Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University) ;
  • Lloyd, K. (Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University) ;
  • Almond, G.W. (Department of Farm Animal Health and Resource Management North Carolina State University) ;
  • Spears, J.W. (Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University)
  • Received : 2002.02.01
  • Accepted : 2002.04.30
  • Published : 2002.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of dietary Zn on performance and immune response of acutely endotoxemic growing pigs (n=96, mean BW=24.9 kg). Factors included 1) intramuscular injection of $10{\mu}g/kg$ BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or control and 2) supplemental Zn at 10, 50, or 150 ppm. Diets were fed beginning after weaning (initial body weight=7.6 kg) in the nursery and continued for 16 d into the grower phase. The basal corn-soybean meal grower diet contained 1% lysine and 34.3 ppm Zn. Pigs were acclimated for 12 d in the growerfinishing facility before LPS treatment on d 13. Gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were unaffected by dietary Zn. Feed intake decreased (p<0.10) and gain/feed was greater (p<0.10) from d 13 to d 16 for pigs injected with LPS. Serum Zn and alkaline phosphatase activity increased (p<0.05) with increasing Zn levels. The febrile response to LPS peaked at 6 h post exposure and pigs were afebrile within 12 h. Rectal temperature was greater (p<0.05) in pigs receiving 50 and 150 ppm Zn than in pigs supplemented with 10 ppm Zn. In vivo cellular immune response, measured on d 13 by skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), was greater after 6 h (p<0.05) in pigs fed 10 ppm Zn and exposed to LPS compared to all other treatments, but was not affected at 12, 24 or 48 h. Zinc did not affect mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation. Zinc supplemented at 50 or 150 ppm resulted in an enhanced febrile response in pigs subjected to iatrogenic endotoxemia, but did not affect pig performance or immune response measurements.

Keywords

References

  1. Blecha, F., D. S. Pollman and D. A. Nichols. 1983. Weaning pigs at an early age decreases cellular immunity. J. Anim. Sci. 56:396-400. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.562396x
  2. Bowers, G. N. J. and R. B. McComb. 1966. A continuous spectrophotometric method for measuring the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase. Clin. Chem. 12:70-89.
  3. Braunschweig, C. L., M. Sowers, D. S. Kovacevich, G. M. Hill and D. A. August. 1997. Parenteral zinc supplementation in adult humans during the acute phase response increases the febrile response. J. Nutr. 127:70-74.
  4. Butler, E. J. and M. J. Curtis. 1973. The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin and ACTH on the plasma zinc concentration in the domestic fowl. Res. Vet. Sci. 15:363-367.
  5. Chandra, R. K. 1984. Excessive intake of zinc impairs immune responses. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 252:1443-1446. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.252.11.1443
  6. Chesters, J. K. 1997. Zinc. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (Ed. B. L. O'Dell and R. A. Sunde). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. pp. 185-230.
  7. Chesters, J. K. and M. Will. 1981. Measurement of zinc flux through plasma in normal and endotoxin-stressed pigs and the effects of Zn supplementation during stress. Br. J. Nutr. 46:119-130. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19810015
  8. Driessen, C., K. Hirv, L. Rink and H. Kirchner. 1994. Induction of cytokines by zinc in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and separated monocytes. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 13:15-20.
  9. Driessen, C., K. Hirv, H. Kirchner and L. Rink. 1995. Zinc regulates cytokine induction by superantigens and lipopolysaccharide. Immunology 84:272-277.
  10. Ekkel, E. D., A. H. Kuypers, G. H. M. Counotte and M. J. M. Tielen. 1995. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test as an indicator of stress-induced changes in immune reactivity in pigs. Vet Quarterly 17:143-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1995.9694554
  11. Gaetke, L. M. C. J. McClain, R. T. Talwalkar and S. I. Shedlofsky. 1997. Effects of endotoxin on zinc metabolism in human volunteers. Am. J. Physiol. 272:E952-E956.
  12. Grabarek, J., G. R. Her, V. N. Reinhold and J. Hawiger. 1990. Endotoxic lipid A interaction with human platelets. Structurefunction analysis of lipid A homologs obtained from Salmonella minnesota Re595 lipopolysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem. 265:8117-8121.
  13. Hill, C. H. 1989. Effect of Salmonella gallinarum infection on zinc metabolism in chicks. Poult. Sci. 68:297-305. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0680297
  14. Hoekstra, W. G., E. C. Faltin, C. W. Lin, H. F. Roberts and R. H. Grummer. 1967. Zinc deficiency in reproducing gilts fed a diet high in calcium and its effect on tissue zinc and blood serum alkaline phosphatase. J. Anim. Sci. 26:1348-1357. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1967.2661348x
  15. Johnson, R. W. 1997. Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines: An integrated view. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1244-1255. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7551244x
  16. Kelley, K. W., R. E. Greenfield, J. F. Evermann, S. M. Parish and L. E. Perryman. 1982. Delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact sensitivity, and phytohemagglutinin skin-test responses of heat- and cold-stressed calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43:775-779.
  17. Kincaid, R. L., W. J. Miller, R. P. Gentry, M. W. Neathery, D. L. Hampton and J. W. Lassiter. 1976. The effect of endotoxin upon zinc retention and intracellular liver distribution in rats. Nutr. Rep. Int. 13:65-70.
  18. Klosterhalfen, B., E. Tons, S. Hauptmann, L. Tietze, A. Offner, W. Kupper and C. J. Kirkpatrick. 1996. Influence of heat shock protein 70 and metallothionein induction by zinc-bis-(DLhydrogenaspartate) on the release of inflammatory mediators in a porcine model of recurrent endotoxemia. Biochem. Pharmacol. 52:1201-1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(96)00469-8
  19. Kornegay, E. T., P. H. G. van Heugten, M. D. Lindemann and D. J. Blodgett. 1989. Effects of biotin and high copper levels on performance and immune response of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1471-1477. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1989.6761471x
  20. Lee, D. N., C. F. Weng, H. T. Yen, T. F. Shen and B. J. Chen. 2000. Effects of chromium supplementation and lipopolysaccaride injection on physiological responses of weanling pigs. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci. 13:528-534. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.528
  21. Liptrap, D. O., E. R. Miller, D. E. Ullrey, D. L. Whitenack, B. L. Schoepke and R. W. Luecke. 1970. Sex influence on the zinc requirement of developing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 30:736-741. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1970.305736x
  22. Morrow-Tesch, J. L., J. J. McGlone and J. L. Salak-Johnson. 1994. Heat and social stress effects on pig immune measures. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2599-2609. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72102599x
  23. NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  24. Regnier, J. A. and K. W. Kelley. 1981. Heat- and cold-stress suppresses in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responses of chickens. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42:294-299.
  25. Tufft, L. S., C. F. Nockels and M. J. Fettman. 1988. Effects of Escherichia coli on iron, copper, and zinc metabolism in chicks. Avian Diseases 32:779-786. https://doi.org/10.2307/1590998
  26. Vallee, B. L. and K. H. Falchuk. 1993. The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Phys. Rev. 73:78-118.
  27. van Heugten, E., M. T. Coffey and J. W. Spears. 1996. Effects of immune challenge, dietary energy density, and source of energy on performance and immunity in weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2431-2440. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.74102431x
  28. van Heugten, E. and J. W. Spears. 1997. Immune response and growth of stressed weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium. J. Anim. Sci. 75:409-416. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.752409x
  29. van Heugten, E., J. W. Spears and M. T. Coffey. 1994. The effect of dietary protein on performance and immune response in weanling pigs subjected to an inflammatory challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2661-2669. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72102661x
  30. Webel, D. M., B. N. Finck, D. H. Baker and R. W. Johnson. 1997. Time course of increased plasma cytokines, cortisol, and urea nitrogen in pigs following intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1514-1520. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7561514x
  31. Wellinghausen, N., H. Kirchner and L. Rink. 1997. The immunobiology of zinc. Immunol. Today 118:519-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01146-8
  32. Wellinghausen, N., M. Martin and L. Rink. 1999. Zinc status in patients with alveolar echinococcus is related to disease progression. Parasit. Imm. 21:237-241. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00222.x
  33. Whitworth, N. H., M. A. Barradas, D. P. Mikhailidis and P. Dandona. 1989. An investigation into the effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on human platelets. Eur. J. Haematol. 43:112-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.1989.tb00266.x

Cited by

  1. Optimal dose and timing in phytohaemagglutinin skin-testing of deer vol.54, pp.6, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2006.36724
  2. Importance of sanitary environment for growth performance and plasma nutrient homeostasis during the post-weaning period in piglets vol.60, pp.1, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390500467810
  3. Effects of Dietary Zinc Level and an Inflammatory Challenge on Performance and Immune Response of Weanling Pigs vol.22, pp.9, 2009, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80683
  4. Effect of zinc supplementation on serum biochemicals in grower pig vol.42, pp.2, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2013.824888
  5. Effects of dietary zinc source on the metabolic and immunological response to lipopolysaccharide in lactating Holstein dairy cows vol.102, pp.12, 2002, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17037