• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1740-1746
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• 2012

Sparassis (S.) crispa is an edible mushroom abundant in dietary fiber and ${\beta}$-glucan. The aim of this study was to prepare extracts and residues of the fruit bodies of S. crispa fermented with Lactobacillus (L.) brevis and Monascus (M.) pilosus and to measure the remaining dietary fiber and ${\beta}$-glucan. Dried powder of S. crispa containing 64.4 g/100 g total dietary fiber (2.6 g/100 g soluble and 61.8 g/100 g insoluble dietary fibers) and 24.0 g/100 g ${\beta}$-glucan was used as the starting material for the extraction. Raw and fermented S. crispa were extracted with hot water and three kinds of aqueous ethanol (50, 70, and 90%, v/v), respectively. A hot water extract from S. crispa fermented with M. pilosus had greater soluble dietary fiber content (19.3 g/100 g) than that from raw S. crispa with 14.6 g/100 g soluble dietary fiber or that from L. brevis-fermented S. crispa with 8.2 g/100 g soluble dietary fiber. The yield of the extract was 16.6% of intial weight of dried S. crispa. After hot water extraction of S. crispa fermented with M. pilosus, residues containing 90.5 g/100 g total dietary fiber (1.3 g/100 g soluble and 89.2 g/100 g insoluble dietary fibers) were obtained, and the yield was 69.6% of intial weight of dried S. crispa. The residue (31.0 g/100 g) contained more ${\beta}$-glucan than raw S. crispa or M. pilosus-fermented S. crispa (24.4 g/100 g). The resulting hot water extract and residue from S. crispa fermented with M. pilosus would be suitable for use in preparing liquid and powdered health functional foods, respectively.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.271-275
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to examine the early growth of haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus larvae from a series of reared specimens for provide information to developmental biology and more information on the aspect of aquaculture in the larvae of this species. Larvae were reared in the laboratory and sampled periodically for developmental study until 67 days after hatching. An increase in total length of fish indicated continuous growth, described by the growth expression of the type $TL=3.5374e^{0.0536X}(r^2=0.8759$, where TL is total length and X is at days after hatching) and $BW=0.0002e^{0.1858X}(r^2=0.8671$, where BW is body weight and X is at days after hatching), respectively. Pattern of body depth and pectoral fin length are instantaneous growth which expression of the type $BD=0.3545e^{0.0778X},\;r^2=0.9563$(where BD is body depth and X is at days after hatching) for body depth growth and the type $PL=0.0111e^{0.1591X},\;r^2=0.9194$(where PL is pectoral fin length and X is at days after hatching) for pectoral fin length growth. The relationship of body depth and total length expressed as $BD=0.2397X-0.5735(r^2=0.9957$, where BD is body depth and X is total length), and pectoral fin length and total length is $PL=0.1929X-1.3767(r^2=0.9882$, where PL is pectoral fin length and X is total length) pectoral fin length against body depth simultaneously recorded for juvenile haddock(PL=0.8117BD-0.9718, $r^2=0.9814$, where PL is pectoral fin length and BD is body depth). Relationship of body depth and body weight was expressed the type of $BD=-9.4734X^2+19.046X+1.3672,\;r^2=0.941$(where BD is body depth and X is body weight), and pectoral fin length and body weight expressed the type of $PL=6.379X^2+14.023X+0.3774,\;r^2=0.9494$(where PL is pectoral fin length and X is body weight). From this point view, growth characteristics of juvenile haddock in this experiment may be useful to establish a successful culture technique for rearing larval haddock.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.56-85
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• 2010

UNESCO World Heritage Programme was introduced following the adoption of Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972 in order to protect cultural and natural heritage with superb value for all mankind. Despite its short history of less than 40 years, it has been evaluated as one of the most successful of the cultural area projects of UNESCO with 890 world heritage registered worldwide. For systematic protection management of World Heritage, UNESCO, through systemization of registration, emphasis on the importance of preservation management plan, institutionalization of monitoring, and operation of World Heritage Fund, has utilized World Heritage Programme not just as a means of listing excellent cultural properties, but as a preservation planning tool, and accordingly, such policies have had a significant influence on the cultural heritage protection legislations of numerous nations. Korea has ratified World Heritage Convention in 1988, and with the registration of the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty in 2009, it has 9 World Heritage Sites. Twenty years have passed since Korea joined the World Heritage Programme. While World Heritage registration contributed to publicity of the uniqueness and excellence of Korean cultural properties and improvement of Korea's national culture status, it is now time to devise various legislative/systematic improvement means to reconsider the World Heritage registration strategy and establish a systematic preservation management system. While up until now, the Cultural Properties Protection Law has been amended to arrange for basic rules regarding registration and protection of World Heritage Sites, and some local governments have founded bodies exclusive for World Heritage Site management, a more fundamental and macroscopic plan for World Heritage policy improvement must be sought. Projects and programs in each area for reinforcement of World Heritage policy capacity such as: 1) Enactment of a special law for World Heritage Site preservation management; 2) enactment of ordinances for protection of World Heritage Sites per each local government; 3) reinforcement of policies and management functionality of Cultural Heritage Administration and local governments; 4) dramatic increase in the finances of World Heritage Site protection; 5) requirement to establish plan for World Heritage Site preservation protection; 6) increased support for utilization of World Heritage Sites; 7) substantiation and diversification of World Heritage registration; 8) sharing of information and experiences of World Heritage Sites management among local governments; 9) installation of World Heritage Sites integral archive; 10) revitalization of citizen cooperation and resident participation; 11) training specialized resources for World Heritage Sites protection; 12) revitalization of sustainable World Heritage Sites tourism, must be selected and promoted systematically. Regarding how World Heritage Programme should be domestically accepted and developed, the methods for systemization, scientific approach, and specialization of World Heritage policies were suggested per type. In the future, in-depth and specialized researches and studies should follow.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.158-169
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• 2019

Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxin produced by fungi of the Claviceps genus, mainly by Claviceps purpurea in EU. Recently obtained informations indicates necessity for control the ergot in imported grains. Recent occurrence data of ergot alkaloids from EU countries indicate the necessities of management and control these toxins from the imported grains like rye, wheat, oat etc. The aim of this study is to optimize the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of ergot alkaloids (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, ergocristine and their epimers (-inines) from grain and grain-based food. The test method was optimized by extracting the sample with acetonitrile containing 2 mM ammonium carbonate, purification with Mycosep cartridge, and instrumental analysis by LC-MS/MS using Syncronis C18 column. The standard calibration curves showed linearity with correlation coefficents; $R^2$ >0.99. Mean recoveries ranged from 72.0 to 111.3% at three different fortified levels (20, 50, and $100{\mu}g/kg$). The correlation coefficient expressed as precision was within the range of 1.9-12.9%. The limit or quantifications (LOQ) ranged from 0.012 to $0.058{\mu}g/kg$. The developed analytical method met the criteria of AOAC Int. and CAC validation parameters like accuracy and sensitivity. As a result, it was confirmed that the test method developed in this study is suitable for the simultaneous analysis of six species of ergot alkaloid from grains and grain products.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of packaging methods and sterilization treatment on storability and microbial control in paprika fruits. When treated with chlorine dioxide gas for 3, 6, and 12 hours and cold plasma gas for 1, 3, and 6 hours, and then packed in a carton box and stored in a 8 ± 1℃ chamber for 7 days, chlorine dioxide treated 12 hours and plasma treated 6 hours was prevented the development of E·coli and YM(yeast and mold). Accordingly, the control was treated with chlorine dioxide for 12 hours and plasma for 6 hours, packed using a carton box and 40,000 cc·m^-2·day^-1·atm^-1 OTR film (MAP), and stored in a 8 ± 1℃ chamber for 20 days. Fresh weight loss rate during storage was less than 1% in the MAP treatments, and the visual quality of the MAP treatments was above the marketability limit until the end of storage. There was no difference in the contents of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene in the film. In the case of firmness, the chlorine dioxide treatments was low, and the Hunter a^* value, which showed chromaticity, was highest in the Plasma 6h MAP treatment. Off-odor was investigated in the MAP treatments, but it was very low. The rate of mold growth on the fruit stalk of paprika was the fastest and highest in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments, and the lowest in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments at the end of storage. The aerobic count in the pulp on the storage end date was the lowest in the plasma treated box packaging treatments, the lowest number of E·coli in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments, and the lowest yeast & mold in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments. As a result, for the inhibition of microorganisms during paprika storage, it is considered appropriate to treat plasma for 6 hours before storage regardless of the packaging method.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.177-198
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• 2024

Article 22(1) of the Library Act, which was completely revised in December 2006, stipulated that regional representative libraries are statutory organizations, and Article 25(1) of the Library Act, which was revised again in late 2021, renamed them as metropolitan representative libraries and expanded their duties. The reason why cities and provinces are required to specify or establish and operate metropolitan representative libraries is that in addition to their role as public libraries for public information use, cultural activities, and lifelong learning as stipulated in Article 23 of the Act, they are also responsible for the legal works of metropolitan representative libraries as stipulated in Article 26, and lead the development of libraries and knowledge culture by serving as policy libraries, comprehensive knowledge information centers, support and cooperation centers, research centers, and joint preservation libraries for all public libraries in the city or province. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and diagnose whether the metropolitan representative library has been faithfully fulfilling its legal works for the past 15 years(2009-2023), and whether it is properly providing the results of its statutory planning and implementation on its website to meet the digital and mobile era. Therefore, this study investigated and analyzed the performance of the metropolitan representative library for the last two years based on the current statutory tasks and evaluated the extent to which it provides them through its website, and suggested complementary measures to strengthen its web services. As a result, it was analyzed that the web services for legal works that the metropolitan representative library should perform are quite insufficient and inadequate, so it suggested complementary measures such as building a website for legal works on the homepage, enhancing accessibility and visibility through providing an independent website, providing various policy information and web services (portal search, inter-library loan, one-to-one consultation, joint DB construction, data transfer and preservation, etc.), and ensuring digital accessibility of knowledge information for the vulnerable.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.413-444
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study is to develop an instrument of mathematical learning motivation and causal attribution for students and to analyze the results of the instrument. Based on the literature review, mathematical learning motivation is the cumulative effects of self-assessment and self-regulation in mathematical learning and achievement experience. Three factors of mathematical learning motivation is identified as self-regulatory efficacy, task difficulty and mathematical anxiety with 17 self-regulatory efficacy items, 9 task difficulty items and 9 mathematical anxiety items. Three factors of causal attribution for success is identified as ability/effort, luck, and other person with 6 ability/effort items, 4 luck items and 3 other person items. Also, four factors of causal attribution for failure is identified as ability, effort, luck, and other person with 3 ability items, 7 effort items, 3 luck items and 4 other person items. The instrument of mathematical learning motivation and causal attribution for success and failure was administered to 919 middle school students from eight different middle middle schools in Seoul, Gyeonggi-Do, Busan, jeolla-Do area. The correlation of three factors of mathematical learning motivation was calculated. As a result, a positive correlation between self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty was appeared but mathematical anxiety has a negative correlation with self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty. This study also examined the differences about mathematical learning motivation's sub-factors shown by three groups of mathematics achievement level. Students of higher achievement level showed that the degree of self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty was higher than that of lower level group. Students of lowest achievement level showed significantly higher mathematical anxiety degree than that of middle and high group. Students that have higher degree of self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty preference were attributed into ability/effort cause toward success of mathematics achievement. Also, Male students preferred more difficult task and higher degree of self-regulatory efficacy in mathematics learning than female students. On the contrary, Female students showed higher mathematical anxiety level than male students.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

The 'hands-on' craftsmanship of the 20th century has came and gone. Today, we are dealing with whole new, 'cerebral approach,' to concept and design with this new approach, design and function are very much dependant upon planning, sales, promotion, and the formative technique of the design industry. The innovative process of design constantly change as it reflects the needs and wants of society. It is and industry that constantly change as it reflects the needs and wants of society. It is and industry that constantly remakes and reshapes itself to suit current trend and outlook. The current idea being that consumers are looking for quality over quantity. Due to the 20th centuries dominant philosophy of functionalism, production intended to standardize the individual's purchasing choice. Aesthetic, or philosophic qualities played a second fiddle to the functional bias of a product, With production, Marketing, and research and development are integrated into the management process. This translates as good which include efficiency, quality, durability, and credibility an trademark and style. There is a definite 'post-modernist' movement and style in 21st century. Every possibility is available as the old boundaries of the 20th century are laid aside. There is a new, transformative quality to the current paradigm of design. The old "should" and "should not" of design no longerapplies. The integrated rative of design solves the usual disparity between aesthetic qualities and production. Design and profirability need not be stranger to one another. It can differentiate the image perceived of both enterprises and consumers by making use of integrated goods services. With an integrated system. both producers and designers win. While design gets full access to design in turn. All consumers make decisions based upon the evaluation of quality, service, and image ; even though it may not be a conscious decision to do so. Consumers are fully integrated human beings ; therefore producers who apply the new, integrated paradigmatic approach to concept, design, and production will reap the harvest of making a true relationship with individual buyer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.343-349
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• 2011

The chemical composition and antioxidative activity of kiwifruit varieties in Jeju, such as Jecy Gold (Actinidia chinensis var. 'Jecy Gold'), Halla Gold (A. chinensis var. 'Halla Gold'), Jecy Sweet (A. deliciosa var. 'Jecy Sweet') and Hwabuk 94 (A. deliciosa var. 'Hwabuk 94') were investigated. The crude protein, crude lipid, and pH showed no differences among variety and maturity whereas the moisture contents showed differences among the variety and maturity. Jecy Sweet in mature stage showed the highest values in soluble solid, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash. The changes in chemical components of kiwifruit by maturity stage were as follows: during ripening, the glucose and the fructose contents increased considerably with the decrease of sucrose content. Potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and magnesium were estimated as the major minerals in kiwifruit and Jecy Sweet contained the highest amounts of potassium and magnesium. At maturity stage, ascorbic, malic and lactic acid were increased with the decrease of citric acid content. The polyphenol contents were 26.81~56.10 ${\mu}g/g$ and 8.64~26.45 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in immature and mature fruits. During ripening, the polyphenol content was decreased. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts were 84.47~89.37% and 43.94~76.96% at 500 ppm, respectively, in immature and mature fruits. The immature varieties of kiwifruit have a high DPPH radical scavenging activity. Therefore the chemical composition and physiological activity of kiwifruit was affected by variety and maturity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2011

This study was performed to develop a children's dietary life safety index required by the Special Act on Safety Management of Children's Dietary Life enacted in 2009. An analytical hierarchy process was used to obtain initial weights of dietary life safety evaluation indicators. The Delphi method was applied to develop the weights along with 98 food and nutrition professionals. Three representative policy indicators, nine strategy indicators, 11 main evaluation indicators, and 20 detailed evaluation indicators were selected for the children's dietary life safety assessment. Three policy indicators and nine strategy indicators were the following: children's food safety indicator (support level of children' safety, safety management level of children's favorite foods, and safety management level of institutional food service), children's nutrition safety indicator (management level of missing meals and obesity, nutrition management level of children's favorite foods, and nutrition management level of institutional food service), and children's perception and practice level indicator ("Dietary Life Law" perception level, perception, and practice level for dietary life safety management, perception, and practice level for nutrition management). Weights of 40%, 40%, and 20% were given for the three representative policy indicators. The relative importance of nine strategic indicators, which were determined by the Delphi method is as follows: For children’s food safety, support level of children's safety, safety management level of children's favorite foods, and safety management level of institutional food service were given weights of 12%, 9%, and 19%, respectively. For children's nutrition safety, the missing meals and obesity management level, nutrition management level of children's favorite foods, and the nutrition management level of institutional food service were given weights of 13%, 11%, and 16%, respectively. The "Dietary Life Law" perception level, perception and practice level of dietary life safety management, and perception and practice level of nutrition management were given weights of 4%, 7%, and 9%, respectively.