• Computers and Concrete
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.357-380
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• 2015

In this study, a simple indeterminate strut-tie model which reflects complicated characteristics of the ultimate structural behavior of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams was proposed. In addition, the load distribution ratio, defined as the fraction of applied load transferred by a vertical tie of truss load transfer mechanism, was proposed to help structural designers perform the analysis and design of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams by using the strut-tie model approaches of current design codes. In the determination of the load distribution ratio, a concept of balanced shear reinforcement ratio requiring a simultaneous failure of inclined concrete strut and vertical steel tie was introduced to ensure the ductile shear failure of reinforced concrete deep beams, and the primary design variables including the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, flexural reinforcement ratio, and compressive strength of concrete were reflected upon. To verify the appropriateness of the present study, the ultimate strength of 58 continuous reinforced concrete deep beams tested to shear failure was evaluated by the ACI 318M-11's strut-tie model approach associated with the presented indeterminate strut-tie model and load distribution ratio. The ultimate strength of the continuous deep beams was also estimated by the experimental shear equations, conventional design codes that were based on experimental and theoretical shear strength models, and current strut-tie model design codes. The validity of the proposed strut-tie model and load distribution ratio was examined through the comparison of the strength analysis results classified according to the primary design variables. The present study associated with the indeterminate strut-tie model and load distribution ratio evaluated the ultimate strength of the continuous deep beams fairly well compared with those by other approaches. In addition, the present approach reflected the effects of the primary design variables on the ultimate strength of the continuous deep beams consistently and reasonably. The present study may provide an opportunity to help structural designers conduct the rational and practical strut-tie model design of continuous deep beams.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2017

In this paper we consider the problem of the model selection/discrimination among three different positively skewed lifetime distributions. Lindley, Weibull, and gamma distributions have been used to effectively analyze positively skewed lifetime data. This paper assesses how much closer the Lindley distribution gets to Weibull and gamma distributions. We consider three techniques that involve the likelihood ratio test, asymptotic likelihood ratio test, and minimum Kolmogorov distance as optimality criteria to diagnose the appropriate fitting model among the three distributions for a given data set. Monte Carlo simulation study is performed for computing the probability of correct selection based on the considered optimality criteria among these families of distributions for various choices of sample sizes and shape parameters. It is observed that overall, the Lindley distribution is closer to Weibull distribution in the sense of likelihood ratio and Kolmogorov criteria. A real data set is presented and analyzed for illustrative purposes.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2009

ASA공정은 유입수를 혐기조와 무산소조에 분배하여 유입시킴으로써 반송슬러지에 영양 물질을 공급하여 슬러지의 안정화 및 인 방출을 유도하고, 후속 호기조에서 유기물 제거, 인 과잉섭취 및 질산화를 조장하며, 무산소조에서는 내부반송을 하지 않고 폐수의 탄소원을 이용하여 탈질함으로써 내생탈질을 증가시키는 공법이다. 본 연구에서는 가정오수에 ASA공정을 적용하여 유입수의 분배비와 체류시간이 처리효율에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 유입수 분배비와 HRT는 BOD 제거에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았고 BOD 제거율은 운전기간 동안 92.0% 이상 안정적으로 유지되었다. 유입수 분배비가 4:6일 때에는 질소제거율이 82.6%, 9:1일 때에는 인제거율이 67.8%로서 가장 높게 나타났다. ASA공정에 의한 가정오수처리에서 유입수의 분배비는 6:4, HRT는 8hr일 때 제거율이 가장 양호하였으며, 이때 질소, 인제거율은 각각 82.6%와 59.5%이었다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.353-356
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• 2002

Planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF) has been widely used to obtain two dimensional fuel distribution. Preliminary investigation was performed to measure quantitative air excess ratio distribution in an engine fueled with LPG. It is known that fluorescence signal from acetone as a fluorescent tracer is less sensitive to oxygen quenching than other dopants. Acetone was excited by KrF excimer laser (248nm) and its fluorescence image was acquired by ICCD camera with a cut-of filter to suppress Mie scattering from the laser light. For the purpose of quantifying PLIF signal, an image processing method including the correction of laser sheet beam profile was suggested. Raw images were divided by each intensity of laser energy and profile of laser sheet beam. Inhomogeneous fluorescence images scaled with the reference data, which was taken by a calibration process, were converted to air excess ratio distribution. This investigation showed instantaneous quantitative measurement of planar air excess ratio distribution for gaseous fuel.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.748-757
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• 2004

In this study, we analyzed the sensitivity of parameters which affect the result of ILLUDAS model, in the various rainfall conditions. The three basins including Namgaja, Kings creek, Gray haven were selected for this research. The rainfall conditions are considered in terms of the rainfall frequency, the duration and the distribution. In most cases, the impermeability area ratio, the sewer slope, and the sewer roughness coefficient give more significant effects on the results than others. The results show that as increasing the rainfall frequency, the sensitivity of the parameters, sewer slope and roughness coefficient are rised, while the impermeability area ratio is decreasing. And also, for the duration of rainfall, the impermeability area ratio's sensitivity shows similar tendency. In case of the rainfall distribution, the parameters of the sewer roughness and the impermeability area ratio show more sensitive in Huff distribution. Especially, The impermeability area ratio is the most sensitive parameter in Central blocking and Yen & Chow distributions respectively.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the family phenomenon and characteristics by ICNP such as family shape, life standard. area, and development stage. Method: 1. Sample size was 115. 2. Data analysis method included frequency analysis including ratio. Results: 1. On the distribution of the family phenomena by family shape, the nuclear family showed a higher ratio on the distribution in family communication and the unhealthy life style. The nuclear family was related to children andhad a higher ratio on the inadequate care management of the sick member. The extended family showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 2. On the distribution of the family phenomena by family life standard, the family with medium life standard showed a higher ratio on the inappropriate family coping, whereas the family with lower life standard appeared to have a higher ratio on the inadequate care management of the sick member. 3. On the distribution of the family phenomena by area. the large city area showed the highest ratio on the inappropriate family coping, the medium and small city area appeared to have the highest ratio on the unhealthy life style. The county area showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 4. On the distribution of the family phenomena by development stage, the family in rearing period showed a higher ratio on the inappropriate family coping and the lack of family intimacy. Families with preschool children showed a higher ratio on the unhealthy life style, and families with school age children showed the highest ratio on the inappropriate family coping. Families with adolescents appeared to have the highest ratio on the disturbance in family communication, and families with launching young adults showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 5. On the distribution of the family characteristics by family shape, the nuclear family showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances among family members and neglect of general child rearing, whereas the third generation family appeared to have a higher ratio on the characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role and short of caring among family members. 6. On the distribution of the family characteristics by family life standard, the family of medium life standard showed higher ratio on the family characteristics such as a few communication chance among family and overburden of housewife's role, and the family of lower life standard appeared to higher ratio on the family characteristics such as short of caring among family members. 7. On the distribution of the family characteristics by area. the large city area showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role and neglect of general child rearing. The medium and small city area appeared to have a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chancec among family members. The county area showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as short-term care among family members. 8. On the distribution of the family characteristics by development stage, the family with rearing period showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as neglect of general child rearing. Families with preschool children showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chancec among family members. Families with school age children showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role. Families with adolescents appeared to have a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances among family members. Families with launching young adults showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances and short-term care among family members.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.586-590
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• 2009

Poisson's ratio, one of elastic constants of elastic solids, has not attracted attention due to its narrow range and difficult measurement. Transverse wave velocity as well as longitudinal wave velocity should be measured for nondestructive measurement of Poisson's ratio. Rigid couplants for transverse wave is one of obstacle for scanning over specimen. In the present work, a novel measurement of Poisson's ratio distribution was applied. Immersion method was employed for the scanning over the specimen. Echo signals of normal beam longitudinal wave were collected, and transverse wave modes generated by mode conversion were identified. From transit time of longitudinal and transverse waves, Poisson's ratio was determined without the information of specimen thickness. Poisson's ratio distribution of the carbon steel weldment was mapped. Heat affected zone of the weldment was clearly distinguished from base and filler metals.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.955-960
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• 2009

As we shall dene an exponentiated complementary power function distribution, we shall consider moments, hazard rate, and inference for parameter in the distribution. And we shall consider an inference of the reliability and distributions for the quotient and the ratio in two independent exponentiated complementary power function random variables.

• 한국데이터정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국데이터정보과학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

We shall consider an inference of the reliability P(Y

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.541-547
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• 2009

We consider distribution, reliability and moment of ratio in two independent beta random variables X and Y, and reliability and $K^{th}$ moment of ratio are represented by a mathematical generalized hypergeometric function. We introduce an approximate maximum likelihood estimate(AML) of reliability and right-tail probability in the beta distribution.