• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.550-554
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• 2007

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been widely used in bioconjugation as it is an efficient and facile method to prepare polymers with pre-designed structures. Quite often, bioconjugation with proteins employs primary amines in proteins as a functional group to attach an initiator. When 2-bromoisobutryl bromide, the most widely used precursor for ATRP initiator, is used, ${\alpha}-halo$ amide initiating groups are formed in the proteins, which are known to exhibit slow initiation behavior in the ATRP process. Here we studied the ATRP of [poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether] methacrylate (PEGMA) using amide-based initiator. PEGMA differs for both the nature and size of the polymer side branches and shows good solubility in water and a property that made it an ideal candidate for biomaterials. While normal ATRP produced ill-defined p(PEGMA) with amide based initiators, the halogen exchange method and the external additional of deactivator effectively improved the control of ATRP of PEGMA.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 2009

Purpose: The transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous(TRAM) flap is the most commonly used autogenous tissue flap for breast reconstruction. Postoperatively, partial flap loss or fat necrosis are relatively common and it may result in a smaller breast volume with marked contour irregularities. These defects are not easy to reconstruct with local tissue rearrangement or with breast implants. The current authors present the results of 2 patients who underwent Latissimus dorsi(LD) flap reconstruction to correct partial flap or fat necrosis that developed after TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Method: Case1: A 50 - year - old woman with left breast cancer visited for breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Initially, breast reconstruction with pedicled TRAM was performed. Postoperatively partial flap necrosis was developed. Secondary breast reconstruction using LD flap was done. Case2: A 51 - year - old woman with left breast cancer visited for breast reconstruction after radical mastectomy. Initially, breast reconstruction with pedicled TRAM was performed. Postoperatively fat necrosis was developed. Secondary breast reconstruction using LD flap was done. Results: Secondary breast reconstruction using LD flap survived completely and produce successful reconstruction. There was no significant complication in both patients. Conclusion: LD flap provides sufficient, vascularized skin and soft tissue. The flap can be molded easily to replace deficient tissue in all areas of the breast. These attributes make it an ideal candidate for salvage of the partially failed TRAM flap breast reconstructio.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.6
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• pp.143-157
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• 2000

It has been one of the puzzles in the English syntax that so called the rule of subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI) is not allowed in subject wh-movement while it is not obligatory in non-subject wh-movement in a root sentence. This asymmetry has been a puzzle since SAI itself was thought to be a part of question construction as we can observe from yes/no questions. The asymmetry gets more complicated in terms of sentence embedding, i.e no SAI is permitted in the embedded context in question. The goal of this paper is to suggest an unified analysis for this unsolved grammatical phenomena on the basis of Rizzi (1997)'s recent work. The main idea is that SAI is not a I-to-C movement but one of I-to-Focus where Focus is a functional category and its phrase is located between CP and IP. The other proposal is that Wh-movement is no more homogeneous in terms of landing site between a root and an embedded sentence: the target for a wh-phrase in the former is the Spec of FocP (Focus Phrase) but the one in the latter is the Spec of CP as the standard theory assumes. Pesetsky (l999)'s analysis is discussed and its theoretical and empirical shortages are pointed out. Its rather radical proposals such as the one that the nominative case is just an uninterpretable tense feature of DP and the other that 'that' is no longer a complementizer but an element of I(nflection) make it less acceptable in spite of the possibility that it can get rid of Case theory entirely, which would be ideal in the spirit of minimalism.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2014

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M an R-module. In this paper, we associate a graph to M, say ${\Gamma}(M)$, such that when M = R, ${\Gamma}(M)$ is exactly the classic zero-divisor graph. Many well-known results by D. F. Anderson and P. S. Livingston, in [5], and by D. F. Anderson and S. B. Mulay, in [6], have been generalized for ${\Gamma}(M)$ in the present article. We show that ${\Gamma}(M)$ is connected with $diam({\Gamma}(M)){\leq}3$. We also show that for a reduced module M with $Z(M)^*{\neq}M{\backslash}\{0\}$, $gr({\Gamma}(M))={\infty}$ if and only if ${\Gamma}(M)$ is a star graph. Furthermore, we show that for a finitely generated semisimple R-module M such that its homogeneous components are simple, $x,y{\in}M{\backslash}\{0\}$ are adjacent if and only if $xR{\cap}yR=(0)$. Among other things, it is also observed that ${\Gamma}(M)={\emptyset}$ if and only if M is uniform, ann(M) is a radical ideal, and $Z(M)^*{\neq}M{\backslash}\{0\}$, if and only if ann(M) is prime and $Z(M)^*{\neq}M{\backslash}\{0\}$.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.19
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• pp.45-52
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• 1999

This study is on Buckminster Fuller, who is generally known as a structure engineering architect, and his influences. Fuller's radical and utopian ideas and designs were regarded as 'paper architecture'. But considering today's high cost of energy and the limited natural resources, Fuller's Dymaxion theory must be re-evaluated. Fuller's influences on the contemporary architecture are summarized as follows. 1) His idea of controlling the environment through the use of technology influenced today's 'High-Tech' architects. Architecture is no-longer designed purely by its formal character, but becomes a tool of investigating environmental significance of modern technology. 2) Through systemizing mechanical equipment, Dymaxion House prototype, and aggregation of high-tech mechanical equipments, influenced Archigram & Metabolist's capsule idea. It is expressed as a plug-in module equipment of 'High-Tech' architecture which has flexible interior with mechanical exterior image. 3) Megastructure. The Manhattan dome project gave an influence to many engineer/architects who tried to achieve an ideal artificial environment. This is in connection to 1960's utopian projects. Today's megastructures show new possibilities in urbanism and architecture. Fuller's comprehensive idea of humans living in harmony in the universe shows possibilities not only in structural engineering, but in solving various problems that confront today's architecture.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics and antioxidative activities of cookies prepared with different amounts of purple sweet potato powder. Moisture and crude ash contents were lowest in the control group followed in order by the 10%, 20%, and 30% purple sweet potato powder addition groups. The lightness and yellowness values measured by Hunter color system decreased based on the amount of purple sweet potato powder concentration added to cookies. The total phenolic compound and anthocyanin contents were the highest in 30% purple sweet potato powder added cookies. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of 30% purple sweet potato powder added cookies showed the highest values among groups. In the sensory evaluation, the scores for taste, texture and overall preference were significantly highest in cookies with 10% and 20% purple sweet potato powder. Considering the scores of antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation, the concentration of between 10% and 20% addition of purple sweet potato powder would be ideal for development of functional cookies.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 2017

The ideal scalp reconstruction involves closure of the defect with similar hair-bearing local tissue in a single step. Various reconstructions can be used including primary closure, secondary healing, skin grafts, local flaps, and microvascular tissue transfer. A 53-year-old female patient suffered glioblastoma, which had recurred for the second time. The neuro-surgeons performed radial debridement and an additional resection of the tumor, followed by reconstruction using a serratus anterior muscle flap with a split-thickness skin graft. Unfortunately, the flap became completely useless and a bilateral rotation flap was used to cover the defect. Two month later, seroma with infection was found due to recurrence of the tumor. Additional surgery was performed using multiple perforator based island flap. The patient was discharged two weeks after surgery without any complications, but two months later, the patient died. Radical surgical resection of tumor is the most important curative option, followed by functional and aesthetic reconstruction. We describe a patient with a highly malignant tumor that required multiple resections and subsequent reconstruction. Repeated recurrences of the tumor led to the failure of reconstruction and our strategy inevitably changed, from reconstruction to palliative treatment involving fast and stable wound closure for the patient's comfort.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.1687-1695
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• 2023

In this paper, we study the Green ring r(𝔴⁰_n) of the weak Hopf algebra 𝔴⁰_n based on Taft Hopf algebra H_n(q). Let R(𝔴⁰_n) := r(𝔴⁰_n) ⊗_ℤ ℂ be the Green algebra corresponding to the Green ring r(𝔴⁰_n). We first determine all finite dimensional simple modules of the Green algebra R(𝔴⁰_n), which is based on the observations of the roots of the generating relations associated with the Green ring r(𝔴⁰_n). Then we show that the nilpotent elements in r(𝔴⁰_n) can be written as a sum of finite dimensional indecomposable projective 𝔴⁰_n-modules. The Jacobson radical J(r(𝔴⁰_n)) of r(𝔴⁰_n) is a principal ideal, and its rank equals n - 1. Furthermore, we classify all finite dimensional non-simple indecomposable R(𝔴⁰_n)-modules. It turns out that R(𝔴⁰_n) has n² - n + 2 simple modules of dimension 1, and n non-simple indecomposable modules of dimension 2.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.1233-1254
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• 2023

We introduce two subclasses of abelian McCoy rings, so-called π-CN-rings and π-duo rings, and systematically study their fundamental characteristic properties accomplished with relationships among certain classical sorts of rings such as 2-primal rings, bounded rings etc. It is shown that a ring R is π-CN whenever every nilpotent element of index 2 in R is central. These rings naturally generalize the long-known class of CN-rings, introduced by Drazin [9]. It is proved that π-CN-rings are abelian, McCoy and 2-primal. We also show that, π-duo rings are strongly McCoy and abelian and also they are strongly right AB. If R is π-duo, then R[x] has property (A). If R is π-duo and it is either right weakly continuous or every prime ideal of R is maximal, then R has property (A). A π-duo ring R is left perfect if and only if R contains no infinite set of orthogonal idempotents and every left R-module has a maximal submodule. Our achieved results substantially improve many existing results.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.479-494
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• 2016

The aim of this study is to select the superior resources of high yield, high content of functional material optimal to mechanical harvesting by the evaluation of crop growth and yield characteristics in sorghum germplasm. One hundred accessions of sorghum germplasm were used in this experiment. Days from seeding to heading date showed the range from 68 to 94 days with the highest frequency proportion was the group from 80 to 85 days, which occupied 34% (34 plant resources) of 100 germplasm. Ear types of 100 sorghum germplasm could be classified as 7 types of broom-tillering, half broom-tillering, extreme open-loose type, open-loose type, intermediate type, compact type, extreme-compact type of which intermediate type was the highest ratio of 28% (28 plant resources) of 100 germplasm. Yield showed the range from 106 to 365 ㎏/10a with the highest frequency proportion of it was the group from 150 to 200 ㎏/10a, which occupied 44% (44 plant resources) of 100 germplasm. Among 100 sorghum germplasm, 18 ideal resources of high yield and short plant height appropriate for mechanical harvesting were selected. In order to evaluate high content of functional substance, selected 18 resources were analyzed for total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and total anthocyanin content. Finally, we selected 5 resources of short plant height, high yield, high content of total polyphenol and high DPPH radical scavenging activity among 18 genetic resources.