• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2000

The effects of ambient conditions on vaporizing sprays from a high-pressure swirl injector were investigated by an exciplex fluorescence method. Dopants used were 2% fluorobenzene and 9% DEMA (diethyl-methyl-amine) in 89% solution of hexane by volume. In order to examine the behavior of liquid and vapor phases inside of vaporizing sprays, ambient temperatures and pressures similar to engine atmospheres were set. It was found that the ambient pressure had a significant effect on the axial growth of spray, while ambient temperature had a great influence on the radial growth. The spatial distribution of vapor phase at temperatures above 473K became wider than that of liquid phase after half of injection duration. From the analysis of the area ratio for each phase, the middle part (region II) in the divided region was the region which liquid and vapor phases intersect. For liquid phase, fluorescence-intensity ratio was greatly changed at lms after the start of injection. However, the ratio of vapor phase was nearly uniform in each divided region throughout the injection.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.632-643
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• 2021

본 연구는 충청북도 민주지산의 물들메나무 분포 및 식물군락구조 특성을 밝히고자 시행되었다. 민주지산 내 8개의 조사구(단위면적 400m²)를 설치하여 물들메나무 우점군락을 조사하였다. 상대우점치는 8개 군락 모두 물들메나무 (35.19%; 26.07~42.74%)가 우점하고 있어 지속적으로 세력을 유지할 것으로 판단된다. 흉고직경급별 분석 결과 물들메나무는 2~43cm까지 비교적 다양한 직경급으로 생육하고 있으며, 개체수가 많아 교란이나 급격한 환경의 변화가 발생하지 않는다면 지속적으로 세력을 유지할 것으로 판단된다. 종다양도(H')는 0.8498~1.0261, 균재도(J')는 0.8160~0.9256, 우점도(D)는 0.0789~0.1840, 최대종다양도(H'max)는 1.0414~1.2041로 분석되었다. 물들메나무의 연륜 및 생장량 분석 결과 평균 29.1년(22~58년)의 수령을 보였으며, 연평균 생장량은 군락 G가 5.84mm로 가장 높았으며, 군락 B가 2.80mm로 가장 낮았다. 유사도 분석 결과 군락 B와 E, 군락 C와 F, H 간의 유사도지수가 69.0%로 가장 높았으며, 군락 E와 F 간의 유사도지수가 29.6%로 가장 낮았다. 연구대상인 물들메나무군락지는 분포지가 매우 협소하고, 개체군 크기가 작아 산림유전자원보호지역으로 보전하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.523-530
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• 1998

Rapid and quantitative analysis of physiological change and clavulanic acid production was studied by the combination of pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and artificial neural network (ANN) in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Firstly, the continuous culture studies were carried out to get the physiological background and PyMS samples. Clavulanic acid production was inversely related to growth rate: Mycelium growth and $q_{cal}$ were optimum at 0.1 $h^{-1}\; and \;0.025 h^{-1}$ respectively. Changes in specific nutrient uptake rates ($q_{gly}$ and $q_{amn}$) also affected clavulanic acid production since clavulanic acid production appeared to be stimulated by the limitation of carbon and nitrogen. Fermentation broth containing mycelium taken from continuous cultures was analyzed by PyMS, and the PyMS spectra were analyzed with multivariate statistics. PCCV plots revealed that samples harvested under the same culture condition were clustered together but samples from different culture conditions formed separate clusters. To deconvolute the pyrolysis mass spectra so as to obtain quantitative information on the concentration of clavulanic acid, ANN was trained on Py MS data using a radial basis function classifier. The results showed that the physiological stages with different growth rate were successfully differentiated and it was possible to monitor the clavulanic acid production precisely and rapidly.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권E호
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• pp.371-386
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• 1994

본 연구소는 최근 대기오염과 산성비 때문에 남산의 소나무가 죽어간다는 일부 학자들의 주장의 진위를 실증적으로 검정하기 위하여 남산에 생육하는 소나무의 생장변화를 정밀분석하고 그것에 대한 생태학적인 해석을 시도함과 아울러, 현재 상태의 대기오염이 소나무의 생육에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 추론하고자 시도되었다. 남산의 3개 지점에서 40그루 나무의 나이테를 조사한 바, 대다수의 남산소나무들은 최근 10년동안에 지금까지 자라온 평균생장량에 비하여 더욱 빠른 생장을 보여주었고 그동안 솔잎혹파리나 아까시나무 등과 같이 생물적인 요인에 의하여 생장의 장해를 받아온 기록을 많이 볼 수 있었다. 더욱이 나무가 생장하는데 가장 중요한 인자의 하나인 토양수분요인이 수목의 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사해 보았을 때 남산위에 분포하는 나무들은 가뭄현상에 대하여 매우 민감하게 그 생육이 조절되는 생장유형을 보여 주었다. 다양한 환경오염 요인들에 대하여 면밀한 검토없이 제기된 일부 학자들의 상기 주장은 설득력을 갖지 못할 뿐만 아니라 매우 성급한 것인 바, 본 연구를 통하여 필자는 남산에 있는 소나무를 대상으로 대기오염의 피해를 논하는 것은 적절하지 못하다는 것을 밝혔다. 특히 현재단계에 있어서 서울 중심지역인 남산에 있어서 대기오염물질과 강우산도와 같은 환경요인은 장기적으로 만성적인 피해를 줄 수도 있는 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 수목의 나이테에 대한 집중적 조사와 다양한 환경요인의 변화양상에 관한 연구를 통하여 제시할 수 있었던 바, 추후 남산내 다른 지점의 소나무 뿐 만 아니라 신갈나무와 아카시아나무와 같은 다른 수종의 생장 및 환경오염물질의 부하와 생태계내에서 그들이 변화하는 동태를 포함한 더욱 광범위한 생태계 생태학적 차원에서의 연구가 시행되어야 할 필요가 있다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.1138-1147
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• 2018

Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) is an important failure mechanism for Zircaloy tubes in the demanding environment of nuclear reactors. The threshold stress intensity factor, $K_{IH}$, and critical hydride length, $l_C$, are important parameters to evaluate DHC. Theoretical models of them are developed for Zircaloy tubes undergoing non-homogenous temperature loading, with new stress distributions ahead of the crack tip and thermal stresses involved. A new stress distribution in the plastic zone ahead of the crack tip is proposed according to the fracture mechanics theory of second-order estimate of plastic zone size. The developed models with fewer fitting parameters are validated with the experimental results for $K_{IH}$ and $l_C$. The research results for radial cracking cases indicate that a better agreement for $K_{IH}$ can be achieved; the negative axial thermal stresses can lessen $K_{IH}$ and enlarge the critical hydride length, so its effect should be considered in the safety evaluation and constraint design for fuel rods; the critical hydride length $l_C$ changes slightly in a certain range of stress intensity factors, which interprets the phenomenon that the DHC velocity varies slowly in the steady crack growth stage. Besides, the sensitivity analysis of model parameters demonstrates that an increase in yield strength of zircaloy will result in a decrease in the critical hydride length $l_C$, and $K_{IH}$ will firstly decrease and then have a trend to increase with the yield strength of Zircaloy; higher fracture strength of hydrided zircaloy will lead to very high values of threshold stress intensity factor and critical hydride length at higher temperatures, which might be the main mechanism of crack arrest for some Zircaloy materials.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.825-834
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• 2000

A heat exchanger analysis is performed to investigate the heating characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen by ambient air for the purpose of cryogenic automotive propulsion. The heat exchanger is a concentric triple-passage for supercritical nitrogen, and the radial fins are attached on the outermost tube for the crossflow of ambient air. The temperature distribution is calculated for the nitrogen along the passage, including the real gas properties of nitrogen, the fluid convections and the conductions through the tube walls and the fins. Since the wall temperature of the outer (ambient side) tube is very low in most cases, a heavy frost can be formed on the surface, affecting the heat exchange performance. By the method of the similarity between the heat and the mass transfer of moist air, the frost growth and the time-dependent effectiveness of the heat exchanger are calculated for various operating conditions. It is concluded that the frost formation can augment the heating of nitrogen during the initial period because of the latent heat, then gradually degrades the heat exchange because of the increased thermal resistance. Practical design issues are discussed for the flow rate of nitrogen, the velocity and humidity of ambient air, and the sizes of the fin.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2012

Existing but largely unused binary star model capabilities are examined. An easily implemented scheme is parameterization of starspot growth and decay that can stimulate work on outer convection zones and their dynamos. Improved precision in spot computation now enhances analysis of very precise data. An existing computational model for blended spectral line profiles is accurate for binary system effects but needs to include damping, thermal Doppler, and other intrinsic broadening effects. Binary star ephemerides had been found exclusively from eclipse timings until recently, but now come also from whole light and radial velocity curves. A logical further development will be to expand these whole curve solutions to include eclipse timings. An attenuation model for circumstellar clouds, with several absorption and scattering mechanisms, has been applied only once, perhaps because the model clouds have fixed locations. However the clouds could be made to move dynamically and be combined into moving streams and disks. An area of potential interest is polarization curve analysis, where incentive for modeling could follow from publication of observed polarization curves. Other recent advances include direct single step solutions for temperatures of both stars of an eclipsing binary and third body kinematics from combined light and velocity curves.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.204-210
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 이소 옥탄을 연료로 사용하는 층류 확산 화염에서 불완전 연소의 결과로 발생하는 그을음 입자의 성장 및 산화과정을 조사하였다. 또한, 철 연료첨가제의 그을음 발생 억제 효과를 평가하였다. 광 계측 기술을 이용하여 화염 안 그을음 입자의 탄성 산란 광을 화염의 높이에 따라 계측하고, 미광 보정 과정을 통하여 그을음 입자의 미분 산란 계수를 구하였다. 이 미분 산란 계수를 비교하여, 화염에서 그을음 입자의 성장 및 산화과정을 조사하였는데, 산화과정을 통하여 화염 내의 그을음 양이 감소하는 것을 관찰하였다. 철 연료 첨가제를 첨가한 화염에 대해서 동일한 연구 방법으로 구한 미분 산란 계수가 연료 첨가제가 첨가되지 않은 화염보다 더 작은 값을 보였다. 또한, 화염의 높이에 따라 반경방향으로 투과율을 측정하였는데, 연료 첨가제를 첨가한 연료의 화염은 투과율이 산화영역에서 약 5% 증가하는 것을 관찰하였고, 이는 미분 산란 계수와 동일한 경향을 보였다. 이것은 연료첨가제의 성분이 촉매 역할을 하여 그을음이 산화를 촉진해 화염 안의 그을음 양이 감소한 것으로 사료된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.314-322
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• 2020

Interplay between histone acetylation and deacetylation is one of the key components in epigenetic regulation of transcription. Here we report the requirement of MoHDA1-mediated histone deacetylation during asexual development and pathogenesis for the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Structural similarity and phylogenetic analysis suggested that MoHDA1 is an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hda1, which is a representative member of class II histone deacetylases. Targeted deletion of MoHDA1 caused a little decrease in radial growth and large reduction in asexual sporulation. Comparison of acetylation levels for H3K9 and H3K14 showed that lack of MoHDA1 gene led to significant increase in H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation level, compared to the wild-type and complementation strain, confirming that it is a bona fide histone deacetylase. Expression analysis on some of the key genes involved in asexual reproduction under sporulation-promoting condition showed almost no differences among strains, except for MoCON6 gene, which was up-regulated more than 6-fold in the mutant than wild-type. Although the deletion mutant displayed little defects in germination and subsequent appressorium formation, the mutant was compromised in its ability to cause disease. Wound-inoculation showed that the mutant is impaired in invasive growth as well. We found that the mutant was defective in appressorium-mediated penetration of host, but did not lose the ability to grow on the media containing H₂O₂. Taken together, our data suggest that MoHDA1-dependent histone deacetylation is important for efficient asexual development and infection of host plants in M. oryzae.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.199-209
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• 2018

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are increasingly been recognized as the chemical mediators of mold interactions, shaping their community dynamics, growth, and metabolism. Herein, we selectively examined the time-correlated (0 D-11 D, where D = incubation days) effects of intraspecies VOC-mediated interactions (VMI) on Aspergillus oryzae KCCM 60345 (S1), following co-cultivation with partner strain A. oryzae KACC 44967 (S2), in a specially designed twin plate assembly. The comparative evaluation of $S1_{VMI}$ (S1 subjected to VMI with S2) and its control ($S1_{Con}$) showed a notable disparity in their radial growth ($S1_{VMI}$ < $S1_{Con}$) at 5 D, protease activity ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 3-5 D, amylase activity ($S1_{VMI}$ < $S1_{Con}$) at 3-5 D, and antioxidant levels ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 3 D. Furthermore, we observed a distinct clustering pattern for gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry datasets from 5 D extracts of $S1_{VMI}$ and $S1_{Con}$ in principle component analysis (PC1: 30.85%; PC2: 10.31%) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (PLS1: 30.77; PLS2: 10.15%). Overall, 43 significantly discriminant metabolites were determined for engendering the metabolic variance based on the PLS-DA model (VIP > 0.7, p < 0.05). In general, a marked disparity in the relative abundance of amino acids ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 5 D, organic acids ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 5 D, and kojic acid ($S1_{VMI}$ < $S1_{Con}$) at 5-7 D were observed. Examining the headspace VOCs shared between S1 and S2 in the twin plate for 5 D incubated samples, we observed the relatively higher abundance of C-8 VOCs (1-octen-3-ol, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-ol acetate) having known semiochemical functions. The present study potentially illuminates the effects of VMI on commercially important A. oryzae's growth and biochemical phenotypes with subtle details of altered metabolomes.