• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to improve upon school health by understanding the present status of school health and escpecially to investigate the performance rate of regular health instruction. 261 schools, including middle and high schools enrolled in the Busan Educational Association, were sent Questionnaires. Data was collected from the 25th of January to the 10th of April, 1994. 229 subjects who responded to the Questionnaires were finally analyzed as samples. Among them, 127 were school nurses and 102 were teachers acting in a school health capacity. The results of this study are summerized as follows: Of the teachers holding additional school health responsibilities, $85.6\%$ worked in private schools. Many of them $(74.5\%)$ were formally dissatisfied with their ability to provide care because $85.3\%$ of them had never studied any school health. Some of them$(30.4\%)$ didn't know about the annual school nursing budget and $23.5\%$ of them hadn't taught any health education to students. In spite of this fact, they were placed in charge of a school health activity against their own will. There were statistically significant differences in the performance of school health affairs between nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) as follows: annual school nursing budget, Health Program Planning and Evaluation, annual purchase price for medicines, average students cared for per day, average students who held at least one consultation per month and extra. Surely, the self-confidence of school nurses was higher than that of teachers with school health as an assigned responsibility. This was demonstrated by a significant statistical difference (p<0.01) in the responses by the two groups. $88.2\%$ of the school nurses and $73.5\%$ of teachers for school health thought that regular health instruction was necessary. But regular health education had been performed only by $32.8\%$ of respondents. Among them, 84% were school nurses and $16\%$ were teachers holding additional school health. Of the persons who performed regular health education, $69.3\%$ used less than $60\%$ of the health content of the athletic textbook. And $64\%$ of them said teaching materials were insufficient. Most of them $(69.4\%)$used home made lesson plans. which they compiled from various sources. There was a significant difference in the formality of the health lesson according to the concern of the school principal (p<0.01) and there was a significant difference in performing health education between school nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) It appears that there are a lot of problems with providing school health care using people who are untrained. In a word, school health nurses with professional training are needed in order to perform the qualitative management for the health of the students. These days, regular health education is an indispensable part in making students improve their self-care abilities. Therefore a more effective and better defined program should be prepared for regular systematic health education. To resolve these problems, present laws and regulations related to school health should be revised considering the specialist's request for the improvement of school health. In addition, the concern and financial support of the government are essential.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2005

In spite of relatively low level of radiation dose used at dental clinics, long term exposure may be harmful, so radiation workers at dental clinics must be well aware of its danger. This study was to analyze the factors to have an influence on safety management behavior in the radiography chamber by understanding the relationship among the knowledge, attitudes and behavior in regard with radiation safety management by dental hygienists in order to take preventive measures for dental hygienists and suggest ideas to develop radiation safety training programs. For this, we contacted dental hygienists working at the local dental clinics for 4 months from December of 2003 to march of 2004 and obtained the following findings. 1. Concering the knowledge level of radiation safety management, $8.59{\pm}2.36$ was average score with the highest of 13 and the lowest of 3 from 15-scale test. In addition, knowledge level of radiation safety management by general characteristics showed statistically significant difference according to working experience (p < 0.001), marital status (p < 0.001), attendance rate of radiation safety management training program (p < 0.001), and type of clinic (p < 0.001). 2. Concering the attitude level of radiation safety management, $4.08{\pm}0.50$ is average score with the highest of $4.31{\pm}0.73$ and the lowest of $3.82{\pm}0.89$ by item from 5-scale test. Besides, attitude level of radiation safety management by general characteristics showed statistically significant difference according to age (p < 0.001), working experience (p < 0.05), attendance rate of radiation safety management training program (p < 0.01), and type of clinic (p < 0.001). 3. Concering the behavior level of radiation safety management, $2.89{\pm}0.77$ is average score from 5-scale test, which was relatively low in comparison with the level of attitude and the highest score was $3.82{\pm}0.94$ and the lowest $2.37{\pm}1.04$ by item. Behavior level of radiation safety management by general characteristics showed statistically significant difference according to working experience (p < 0.001) and type of clinic (p < 0.001). 4. From the survey of relationship among knowledge, attitude and behavior of radiation safety management was, we found that the higher the knowledge level of radiation safety management, the higher the level of attitude and behavior, and the higher the attitude level was, the higher the level of behavior.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.573-597
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• 2016

Recent fMRI and EEG research for neural representations of action concepts insist that processing of action concepts evoke the simulation of sensory-motor information. Moreover, there are several behavioral studies showing that understanding of action verbs or sentences describing actions interfere or facilitate current action performance. However, it is unclear that online interaction between processing of action concepts and current action is based on the simulation of sensory-motor information, or other neural mechanisms. The present research aims to explore the underlying neural mechanism that how the perception of action language influence the performance of current action using high-spacial temporal resolution EEG and multiple source analysis techniques. For this, participants were asked to perform a cued-motor reaction task in which button-pressing hand action and pedal-stepping foot action were required according to the color of the cue, and we presented auditorily action verbs describing the responding actions (i.e., /press/, /step/, /stop/) just before the color cue and examined the interaction effect from the semantic congruency between the action verbs and the current action. Behavioral results revealed consistently a facilitatory effect when action verbs and responding actions were semantically congruent in both button-pressing and pedal-stepping actions, and an inhibitory effect when semantically incongruent in the button-pressing action condition. In the results of EEG source waveform analysis, the semantic congruency effects between action verbs and the responding actions were observed in the Wernicke's area during the perception of action verbs, in the anterior cingulate gyrus and the supplementary motor area (SMA) at the time when the motor-cue was presented, and in the SMA and primary motor cortex (M1) during action execution stage. Based on the current findings, we argue that perceived action verbs evoke the facilitation/inhibition effect by influencing the expectation and preparation stage of following actions rather than the directly activating the particular motor cortex. Finally we discussed the implication on the neural representation of action concepts and methodological limitations of the current research.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

This study was conducted to develop a plan for emotional labor of clinical dental hygienists by understanding the factors affecting their emotional labor. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 293 dental hygienists who worked in dental hospitals and clinics located in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do from June to September in 2013. The questionnaire items used in this study consisted of 5 items of general characteristics, 2 items of characteristics related to turnover, and 9 items of emotional labor. t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were performed using the SPSS Statistics ver. 17.0 for Windows program for data analysis. The average level of the study subjects was $69.85{\pm}12.82$. With regard to the emotional labor according to the general characteristics, the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.037) showed significant differences in the marital status. The workplace showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p<0.002), emotional dissonance (p<0.032), and total (p<0.001). The turnover intentions showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p<0.001), emotional dissonance (p<0.001), and total (p<0.001). As a factor affecting emotional labor, turnover intention (p<0.001) and workplace (p<0.001) had an effect on emotional labor. The results showed that turnover intention and workplace were associated with the emotional labor of dental hygienists. There is a need to develop an emotional education program to make it possible to effectively manage emotional labor of dental hygienists for providing high-quality medical services of dental institutions.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.255-261
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• 2015

Purpose: purchasing status and understanding trends of Functional progressive addtions lenses buyers', Correlation analysis of the Binocular Function value to determine ADD then can be apply sales and prescriptions. Methods: Years 2011 to 2014, 298 patients who were prescribed functional progressive lenses were analysed based on the prescription data and SPSS (Ver. 20.0) was treated using the statistics. Results: Results: The average age of our customers are $27.66{\pm}11.55$ years, average addition power is $+0.73{\pm}0.36D$, customers are using take a prescription of ADD $+0.75{\pm}0.28D$ was the highest 44.33% to 132 people. Near point of convergence of 276 people (92.62%) was mostly less than 10 cm, and near point of accommodation of 134 people (44.97%) was also below 10 cm, within 11~15 cm were 122 people (40.94%). Most of people were within normal range in terms of Near point of convergence and near point of accommodation, near point of accommodation tend to be longer than Near point of convergence. As you can see this result shows most of customers need extra help in their near point of accommodation instead of they are leak at it. FCC (Fused cross cylinder) check Value and ADD (addition power) tests showed that the value of a strong correlation (p=0.00), NPC and NPA were also p=0.001, the correlation of the NPC and ADD is p=0.003, In addition, NPA and ADD also showed a significant correlations (p=0.005). Near Point of Accommodation, negative relative accommodation, and positive relative accommodation are all significantly correlated (p=0.00). The short distance-related variables of the ADD which are NPC, NPA, Age, also appeared to side correlate significantly with each other. Conclusion: Binocular function values of the subjects were highly correlated with each other so precise examination is required. when Age young people are working at short distance, low ADD values was prescribed for solving discomfort. So, in the case of early presbyopia, accommodative insufficiency, or people feel fatigue when they often working at near although their accommodation function is normal, when functional progressive lenses are prescribed, expectation of this should be exactly notified.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.74-94
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of education between CAI(Computer Assisted Instruction) and lectures for smoking cessation among male students who attended vocational high schools. Conducted from February 24th to April 26th, 2003, the study design was quasi-experimental with nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The study subjects were 60 male students in K vocational high school in Daegu city, who were present smokers and had more than 7.0 ppm concentration level of carbon monoxide. Thirty students were randomly chosen as the experimental group which applied CAI education method for smoking cessation. The other 30 students served as the control group which received lecture education method of 40 minutes on four consecutive days. CAI education for smoking cessation was composed of ready-made individual learning contents, counseling by using cyber-communication, writing a letter to stop smoking, and writing a written agreement for smoking cessation. Lecture education for smoking cessation was composed of a ready-prepared lecture for the group, writing a letter to stop smoking, and writing a written agreement for smoking cessation. To measure smoking related knowledge, Jeong Ree Roh(1996)'s smoking related knowledge scale$(Cronbach's\;{\alpha}=0.84)$ was modified and used by the researcher. To measure smoking related attitude, Jeong Ree Roh(1996)'s smoking related attitude scale$(Cronbach's\;{\alpha}=0.91)$ was modified and used by the researcher. Smoking related knowledge scale's Cronbach's $\alpha$ was 0.83 in the pilot study and 0.93 in this study. Smoking related attitude scale's Cronbach's a was 0.80 in the pilot study and 0.98 in this study. To determine the smoking amount, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was checked. The concentration level of CO in the exhaled breath was measured (Micro CO Cat. No. MCO2, UK). Data was analyzed by $x^2-test$, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA. simple main effects, and time contrast test with SPSS/Win 11.0 program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The first hypothesis. that 'Smoking-related knowledge score in the experimental group by using CAI education for smoking cessation will be higher than that in the control group by using lecture education for smoking cessation', was not supported. 2. The second hypothesis, that 'Smoking-related attitude in the experimental group by using CAI education for smoking cessation will be higher than that in the control group by using lecture education for smoking cessation'. was supported(F=6490.79. p=0.000). 3. The third hypothesis. that 'Smoking amount in the experimental group by using CAI education for smoking cessation will be less than that in the control group by using lecture education for smoking cessation'. was supported. 1) The third-1st sub-hypothesis. that 'The number of cigarettes smoked per day in the experimental group by using CAI education for smoking cessation will be less than that in the control group by using lecture education for smoking cessation'. was supported(F=134.19. p=0.000). 2) The third-2nd sub-hypothesis. that 'The concentration level of CO by ppm per one exhaled breath in the experimental group by using CAI education for smoking cessation will be lower than that in the control group by using lecture education for smoking cessation"' was supported(F=268.55. p=0.000). From the above results. CAI education can be an effective intervention to improve smoking-related knowledge and attitude. and to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the concentration level of CO by ppm per one exhaled breath. Lecture education can be effective to improve smoking-related knowledge. In the future, when CAI education and lecture education for smoking cessation are applied on the school nursing field. the students can gain a comprehensive understanding of smoking cessation, changes in smoking-related knowledge. smoking-related attitude and reducing smoking amount. Furthermore, CAI education for smoking cessation could be developed as an individual self initiative program and could give a guideline to apply CAI education for smoking cessation in other field.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.3 s.41
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• pp.61-79
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• 2006

The purpose of this research was to evaluate concretely how the 7th Technology Home Economics(HE) curriculum was operated In school fields by using context evaluation, input evaluation using the CIPP model focusing HE. In this research. a questionnaire survey was done targeting HE teachers in charge of technology and home economics subject for the 7th curriculum implementation at 250 randomly selected middle schools in Gpoungsangnamdo, and 109 returned questionnaire papers were used for the final analysis. The frequency, percent, mean and standard deviation of these data were obtained by using the SPSS 10.0 for Windows Program. The results of this research were outlined below: First, with a regard to the context evaluation (evaluating educational contexts), the requirement degree of seeking for career appeared to be the highest at the requirement survey of the education goal and character of HE area, and the requirement degree of elevating understanding home living' were very low. Interest and concern of students towards these subject as well as the self-confidence of HE teachers in charge were low. Second, as for the input evaluation (evaluating education plans), time allocation, content level, and content amount were not regarded to be not proper, and the composition of HE educational curriculums and the class guideline of teachers also were not so faithful from the aspect of school level. Among surveyed items, establishing plans in school level towards evaluation was relatively sincere, but discussions about curriculums were not so faithful, suggesting various kinds of content are not fully discussed. As shown by the results above, it is difficult to say that the operation of the 7th HE educational curriculums has secured its position perfectly. It is necessary to examine systematically the educational goals. character of the 7th HE educational curriculum and the appropriateness of curriculum content, and to seek various methods to elevate the self confidence of teachers and the interests of students. Because how to operate national level educational curriculums in school levels with self-regulation and elasticity will be an important variable in realizing educational goals, teachers, the main body of educational curriculums and direct performers, should establish and perform educational plans in school levels to elevated the satisfaction of teachers and educational effects for normally operating educational curriculums. In addition, educational curriculums should be operated and evaluated mainly by teachers at school fields to make it possible to confirm and check the achievement of the goals of educational curriculums qualitatively.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.63-87
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• 2004

To create and maintain comparative supremacy as a strategic tool of business, many organizations have introduced informational technology and system. By using this system, Some companies got a beneficial value for achieving organizational goals but others could not obtain their effectiveness and efficiency. In particular, a lot of organizations that tried to make strategic supremacy with e-commercial trade are under hard condition because of poor profit. It implies that it is essential to identify and analyse the consumer who uses e-commercial trade. This paper, therefore, focusing on internet shopping malls between business and consumer as one of areas of e-commercial trades, shows the difference between consumer expectation and performance. The results of this study are as follows: First, as for the significant difference of influencing factors to consumer satisfactions according to the types of internet shopping malls, there is a meaningful difference in consumer anxiety and internet usefulness, but not in consumer service. Prior to verify the differences in detail on consumer's anxiety and internet usefulness, we examined that there is any difference between expectation and performance. T-test was used for the variants of consumer anxiety and internet usefulness, and its meaningful probability was 0.000, which means that both showed statistically significant difference. Based on the results, we also found that regardless of the types of internet shopping malls, consumer expectation was greater than performance. although the difference between expectation and performance was not equal according to the internet shopping malls. Second, a regression analysis was performed to understand the relation between consumer service, internet usefulness, consumer anxiety, and consumer satisfaction, it was found that consumer service, internet usefulness, consumer anxiety had significantly effected on consumer satisfaction. Third, To verify the relation between consumer satisfaction and repurchase-intentions, intentions to spread out, Pearson correlation analysis was used. it was found that consumer satisfaction had positive effect on both intentions. This study has some limitations because of the shorts of money and time. since the sample of this study was consumers who have ever bought one or more products via internet shopping mall, this sample was appropriate. but the major parts of sample were college students, and the sample size was so small. therefore this results should carefully be generalized. For further study, it is required to select more precise samples and to include more variables.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.233-245
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• 2012

Objectives: Understanding the predictor of immunization status in childhood is critical issue to improve National Immunization Program (NIP). The aims of this study were to verify the status of up-to-date or complete immunization coverage and to investigate its related factors. Methods: As of 2005, according to local residence registry data, there were 2,188 children who aged 12 to 35 months in Nonsan city, Korea. We conducted household survey for aged 12 to 35 months children, using questionnaires to obtain data on the status of immunization such as BCG, DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis), Polio, and MMR (mump, measles, rubella). Finally 1,472 participated in the survey. The operating definitions used in this study were following; "Complete immunization rate" refers to the rate of children who received all immunization within recommended age intervals fully "on-time"; "The 4:3:1 series" means status of receiving the fourth diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (4 DTP), the third Polio (3 Polio), and the first measles-mumps-rubella (1 MMR) doses. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors affecting complete vaccination coverage of children. Results: Immunization rates of vaccine based on the vaccination card were from 92.7% to 96.4% except 4th DTaP (79.3%). Complete immunization rate of Korea NIP was 74.0% and that of the 4:3:1 series was 77.1%. A parent as primary caregiver (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39-0.87 at 19-35 months of children's age) and first-born children (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.05-3.03 at 24-35 months of children's age) were significantly related to complete immunization coverage of Korea NIP. And a parent as primary care giver (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.88 at 19-35 months of children's age) and first-born children (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.21-3.14 at 19-35 months, OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.27-3.91 at 24-35 months of children's age) were significantly related to complete immunization rate of 4:3:1 series. Conclusions: Government should take actions to increase complete immunization rate. In particular, intervention on the secondary caregiver and non-first-born children should be needed.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate recognition of food additives, to provide the basic data for food education of high school students. The survey was conducted from 560 students who are boys and girls of high schools in Gwangju. Data were analyzed by a SAS program. According to the survey, an usual recognition for additive food according to related variable showed that it was the highest ratio of 4.18 that policy on complete labeling of foods should be requested for additive food but it showed the lowest 2.17 that additive food is promoting quality of food. In a difference of a degree of a correct answer of knowledge for additive food and knowledge according to related variable, a degree of a correct answer of knowledge for additive food showed a lot of interest in safety in that knowledge for safety showed 79.45 but were showed much lower 7.5% for a degree of a correct answer of actual knowledge of additive food among food ingredients labels. A a degree of a demand of information, safety concerns and understanding a uses of additive food according to sex and a grade showed that in a degree of a demand of information, the students have ever heard information of additive food was the girls were more than the boys and also freshmen were the most answered and have ever heard term of additive food was the boys were more than the girls and the sophomore students were the most answered questionnaire for media of TV. Radio. Newspaper and so forth. A degree of necessity the students know additive food was the most answered of positive from the boys and freshmen. Where the students would like to learn additive food was answered of media from the boys school teacher from the girls school teacher from the freshmen, media from the sophomore and the junior.