• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

This study investigates the mediation effects of affection-rejection parenting in the relationships between reports by mothers in regards to marital conflicts and the behavior and emotional control of preschoolers. The participants were 311 preschoolers and their mothers. A total of 311 preschoolers attended kindergartens or day care centers in Daegu or Gyeongbuk Province. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation, single and hierarchical multiple regressions, using SPSS Win 15.0. The results are as follows. (1) Mothers' marital conflicts exerted indirect effects on preschoolers' behavioral control mediated by affection parenting. (2) Mothers' marital conflicts exerted indirect effects on preschoolers' behavioral control mediated by rejection parenting. (3) Mothers' marital conflicts partly exerted indirect effects on preschoolers' emotional control mediated by affection parenting. (4) Mothers' marital conflicts partly exerted indirect effects on preschoolers' emotional control mediated by rejection parenting.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.118-140
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of safety education program in preschool children for accident prevention and improve their health through more systematic method. Data were collected from 584 preschoolers(247 preschooler are assigned to experimental group and 337 preschoolers are assinged to control group) from 4 to 6 years old using APP paper test which consists of questions and drawings. To experimental group, safety education were done 4 times within the time of 30 minutes per 1 time using education books, drawings, OHP. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. There were significant difference in movement(χ²=18.732, p=.0000), behavioral character(χ²=27.785, p=.000), synthetic judgement(χ²=12.02, p=0.002). So, safety education program have effect on preschooler. 2. In the accident proneness on preschooler between experimental group and control group according to general characteristics, it proved significant difference in the case of accident prevention education were done, reasoning power(χ²=10.48, p=.005), movement speed(χ²=7.341, p=.025) and behavioral character(χ²=18.86, p=.000), in the case of housing pattern is private house(individual house, yard?), reasoning power(χ²=6.683, p=.035), movement speed(χ²=12.76, p= .002) and behavioral character(χ²=12.24, p=.002), in the case of housing pattern is mixed-type, movement speed(χ²=6.935, p= .031) and behavioral character(χ²=10.816, p=.004), in the case of housing pattern is over six stories, movement speed(χ²=7.543, p=.023), in the case of subjects' age is 4 years old, movement speed(χ²=16.5, p= .000) and behavioral character(χ²=12.18, p=.002), in the case of subjects' age is 5 years old, movement speed(χ²=7.519, p= .023), watchfulness(χ²=6.372, p=.041), behavioral character(χ²=14.74, p=0.001) and synthetic judgement(χ²=14.5, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is male, life safety(χ²=6.406, p=.041), movement speed(χ²=22.86, p= .000), behavioral character(χ²=13.72, p= .001) and synthetic judgement(χ²=13.82, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is female, reasoning power(χ²=12.57, p=.002) and behavioral character(χ²=13.16, p= .001), in the case of childrens have past accidental experience, traffic safety(χ²= 6.683, p=.035), in the case of childrens have no past accidental experience, reasoning power(χ²=8.384, p=.015), movement speed(χ²=20.6, p=.000), behavioral character(χ²=25.1, p=.000) and synthetic judgement(χ² =10.79, p=.005), in the case of children's order is first, reasoning power(χ²=11.15, p=.004), movement speed(χ²=11.92, p= .003) and behavioral character(χ²=7.003, p=.030), in the case of children's order is second, movement speed(χ²=6.694, p= .035), behavioral character(χ²=26.9, p= .000) and synthetic judgement(χ²=14.3, p= .001), in the case of nuclear family, reasoning power(χ²=8.777, p=.012), movement speed(χ²=19.0, p=.000), behavioral character (χ²=26.4, p=0.000) and synthetic judgement (χ²=9.999, p=.007), in the case of mothers' school career is under high school graduate, life safety(χ²=8.023, p=.018), movement speed(χ²=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character(χ²=6.777, p=.034), in the case of mothers' school career is beyond college graduate, reasoning power(χ²=6.717, p= .035), movement speed(χ²=8.963, p=.011), behavioral character(χ²=25.03, p=.000) and synthetic judgement(χ²=15.19, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 31-34, movement speed(χ²=12.29, p=.002) and behavioral character(χ²=14.17, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 35-39, movement speed(χ²=9.859, p=.007), behavioral character(χ²=9.095, p=.011) and synthetic judgement(χ²=7.810, p=.020), in the case of mothers' age is over 40, life safety(χ² =5.593, p=.025), in the case of mothers' job is full-time, traffic safety(χ²=6.032, p=.049) and reasoning power(χ²=8.502, p= .014), in the case of mothers' job is part- time., movement speed(χ²=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character(χ²=7.895, p= .019), in the case of mothers have no job, movement speed(χ²=6.410, p=.041), movement stability(χ²=6.879, p=.032), behavioral character(χ²=27.72, p=.000) and synthetic judgement(χ²=18.11, p=.000). The difference of accident proneness between experimental group and control group according to general characterists, it also showed that there were significant difference in behavioral character compared to other area.. From this findings, we can guess that safety education program change and guide preschoolers' behavioral character to desirable direction.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.155-171
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• 2015

The purposes of this study were firstly, to examine the emergence of complex strategies for emotional regulation in 3 and 4 years old children, and secondly, to analyze the corresponding relationship of the preschoolers' strategies for emotional regulation and their mothers' responses. The subjects comprised 66 preschoolers(33 boys, 33 girls) and their mothers in J city. The results were as follows. First, the preschoolers' strategies for emotional regulation in frustrating episodes occurred in the following order; instrumental behaviors, cognitive reappraisal, distraction behaviors, and comforting behaviors. Second, the mother's responses to frustrating episodes occurred in the following order; cognitive reappraisal, instrumental behaviors, comforting behaviors, and distraction behaviors. Third, the corresponding relationship of the preschooler's strategies for emotional regulation and the mothers' responses to frustrating episodes were found to be of a similar patterns (e.g. preschoolers' cognitive reappraisal strategy and mothers' cognitive reappraisal response).

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.79-96
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between preschooler's temperament, externalizing behavior problems and mother's parenting competency. The 5th Panel Study of Korean Children by Korea Institute of Child Care and Education were analyzed in this study by using the structural model. The major findings are as follows, First, preschoolers' emotionality temperament were found to have a negative effect on mothers' parenting competency. Preschoolers' activity and sociability temperament had a positive influence on mothers' parenting competency. Second, preschoolers's emotionality temperament also had a direct impact on their externalizing problems behavior, otherwise preschoolers's activity and sociability temperament were unrelated to that. Third, mothers' parenting competency had a negative influence on preschoolers' externalizing problems behavior. Finally, mothers' parenting competency had mediating effects between preschoolers' temperament and their externalizing problems behavior. These findings suggest that parental education should be concerned about parenting competency based on the understanding of preschooler's temperament.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2004

Purpose: This comparative descriptive study was conducted to determine the effects of maternal employment on the maternal child-rearing attitude, child-rearing burden, and temperament and health related variables of their preschool children. Method: Samples were recruited in child care centers in Seoul, Daejeon, and Suwon. 209 mothers with children age of three to six participated. Result: Employed mothers showed more positive child-rearing attitude, but there was no significant difference in child-rearing burden, Also, maternal attitude and child-rearing burden were influenced by satisfaction on the employment state. Children's temperament subscales were not different in two groups. Breast feeding and compliance on vaccination were done better by unemployed mothers. However, home safety, experience of accident and hospitalization of children were not affected by maternal employment. Conclusion: Maternal employment has positive influence in some aspects. This study provides basic data for parent counseling and anticipatory guidance for employed mothers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

This study investigates the effects of adult attachment on parenting stress using marital conflict as a mediating variable for mothers of preschoolers. The subjects were 370 mothers who lived with at least one preschooler in Daegu or Gyeongbuk Province. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation as well as single and multiple regressions that used SPSS Win 15.0. The results were as follows: (1) The adult attachment by mothers was negatively associated with parenting stress. The adult attachment level of mothers becomes lower as the perception of parenting stress increases. (2) The adult attachment by mothers was negatively associated with marital conflict. That is, the adult attachment level of mothers becomes lower as the perception of marital conflict increases. (3) The effects of adult attachment in parenting stress by mothers was reducing explanation when controlled for the marital conflict. Adult attachment which influenced the parenting stress of mothers was partially mediated by marital conflict. The results of the study imply that to reduce the parenting stress of mothers, there is a need to improve spousal relationships, in addition, there is a need for more active support to improve conjugal relations for mothers whose adult attachment was not stable.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.23-44
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• 2010

This study analyzed the relationships mother's discipline style, preschooler's emotional regulation strategies, and preschooler's leadership. The subjects were 180 preschoolers who were 5 years old and their mothers live in Gwang-ju and Jeon-Nam province. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise regression analysis using the program of SPSS. The findings of the study were as follows. (1) there was a difference between the average score of subcategory and the total score of leadership according to the gender of preschooler and mother's employment and her educational background. However, there was no difference from the birth order of preschooler. (2) A correlation was not found between mother's discipline style and preschooler's leadership, but the significant negative correlation showed up between preschooler's emotional regulation strategies and preschooler's leadership. (3) The leadership of preschoolers who use positive coping strategies of a sub-area of emotional regulation strategies appeared strong. And the leadership appeared low with a boy who uses avoidant & supportive strategies, supportive strategies, aggressive strategies and venting strategies more often. Furthermore, the model of explanatory adequacy (R2) of some independent variables from the average scores of subcategory and the total score of leadership was confirmed to be the statistically significant explanatory model.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.47-62
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• 2014

The purpose of this study targeted 93 full 5-year-old preschoolers was to examine young children's recognition of the relationships with their mothers, teachers, and peers and to analyze the effect of children's recognition on their self-concept. Children's recognition of the relationships with the people around and their self-concepts were measured by use of picture diagrams to help children's understanding and their replies. Data analysis showed that young children recognize their relationships with the people around positively, and that children's conflict recognition with their teachers influence negatively on their self-concept. This study is meaningful in that it directly researched preschooler's cognition of the relationships with the people around themselves from situation in the lack of preceding research that it comprehensively studied about relationships with the preschooler and others, and it executed one-to-one interview with preschooler using the picture tool for preschooler developed by the investigator in order to measure the preschooler's cognition.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.551-564
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• 2016

This study examined the causal relationship between a mothers' depression and the emotional problems of their preschool-aged children as indicated by anxiety, depression and emotional reactivity. We analyzed data from 1,528 mothers and their children from the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) collected when the children were 4 years old and 5 years old. Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was conducted using AMOS ver. 23.0 to investigate the longitudinal reciprocal effects between mothers' depression and children's emotional problems. The results indicated that both mothers' depression and children's emotional problems were relatively stable between the ages of 4 to 5. There were significant cross-lagged effects from the mothers' depression to children's emotional problems and from children's emotional problems to mothers' depression. Mothers reported higher levels of depression when the children were 4 years old and the children showed more anxiety, depression and emotional reactivity when they were 5 years old. Emotional problems when the children were 4 predicted greater depression among mothers 1 year later. We also examined the group difference (between boys and girls) in the study model. Gender differences were not statistically supported. The results suggested that early assessment and intervention for mothers' depression and children's emotional problems are essential for a healthy mother-child relationship and later child outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

The purpose of study was to investigate internal and external problem behavior according to types of multiple-attachments exhibited to both mothers and teachers. The subjects were 120 preschool children (between 4 to, -5 years old), their mothers and teachers. The attachment classification of these 120 preschoolers was evaluated by an attachment Q-set. Data was statistically analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA, and the Duncan test with the SPSS Win 13.0 program. Our results were as follows, Firstly, significant differences were observed in the internal problem behavior according to types of multiple-attachments. Second, significant differences were also observed in the external problem behavior according to types of multiple-attachments. This study suggests that secure attachment relationships with teachers may compensate for insecure relationships with mothers.