• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.531-543
• /
• 1996

This study was done to develop a Maternal Identity Scale for Pregnant Women and to test the validity and reliability of the scale. A convenience sample of 161 pregnant women were asked to complete the MISP questionnaire which consisted of 45 item, this was done from December 20, 1995 to January 15, 1996. The research procedure were as follows. The first step was to identify a conceptual definition of maternal identity using Robin(1984)'s maternal identity and maternal experience during pregnancy. The second step was to operationalize the maternal identity, that is, perception of image possible of selves as mother, maternal role play by imagination, and the experiences of various emotional responses which are embedded in the mother-fetus dyad. The third step was item development which resulted in 45 items as appropriate measurement of maternal identity are except for the perception of image possible of selves as mother. The result findings were as follows : 1) Four factors for MISP (finally 40 items) were extracted through the principal component analysis and varimax rotation, and these contributed 49.3% of the variance in the total score. All 40 items in the scale loaded above .43 on one of 4 factors. 2) Each factor was named : factor 1 was named maternal role imagery and has 10 items, factor 2 was named happiness and has 11 items, factor 3 was named maternal fetal interaction and has 10 items, and the last factor 4 was named negative emotion and has 9 items. 3) Cronbach's -alpha coefficient for internal consistsncy was .92 for the total 40 items and .89, .90, .86, .78 for the four subscales in that order. Recommendations are suggested below : 1) The developed MISP be used to assess maternal readiness in pregnancy. 2) Replication study be done to test validity and relaibility. 3) For the overall measure of Maternal Identity in Pregnancy, scale for the perception of image possible of selves as mother, and cognitive domain be reorganized for the maternal identity in pregnancy. 4) It is necessary to identify variables that influences maternal pregnancy. 5) It Is necessary to identify that maternal identity in pregnancy is a reliable index of motherhood, to do correlation studies on maternal identity and major maternal variables in maternal transition period, to reoperationalize the maternal identity in postpartum, and finally to designate a longitudinal study of the maternal identity changes or stabilities.

• CELLMED
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.17.1-17.4
• /
• 2021

Episiotomy is the commonest obstetrics intervention in the world to reduce severe perineal injuries. Its prevalence is 43% to 100% in primiparous women in Asia. Further, worldwide approximately 10-95% of pregnant women undergo episiotomy incision during birth. Delay in wound healing probably increases the risk of wound infection, changes the muscular structure, and ultimately causes muscle tone loss. So, wound care is of specific significance to postnatal maternal outcomes. Hence, this case study aimed to evaluate the effect of Marham-i-Raal in episiotomy wound healing and pain relief. The study was conducted in eleven postpartum primi or multipara pregnant women aged between group 19 and 35 years with term gestational age, singleton pregnancy in a cephalic presentation who had a normal vaginal delivery with mediolateral episiotomy, without a perineal tear, and perineal hematoma. Externally, application of Marham-i-Raal 2g on episiotomy incisional wound, twice a day for 10 days was advised. Wound healing of episiotomy and pain intensity was assessed with REEDA ["redness, oedema, ecchymosis, discharge and approximation of the edges"] scoring and VAS scoring for pain intensity respectively. At one hour (baseline), the REEDA mean score of eleven patients was 3.90±1.04 whereas on day 7-10 it was 0.18±0.40 with statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The VAS mean score at one hour was 6.90±1.22 whereas on day 7-10 it was 0.72±0.78 with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Marham-i-Raal would be effective in episiotomy wound healing and reducing pain intensity. Further, randomized double-blind controlled trials in large sample size are recommended.

• 모자간호학회지
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.16-22
• /
• 1991

Various minor discomforts are reported to be complained by the pregnant women. but what were and how much were they complained has not been revealed until recently. So, These lack of knowledge have given nurses difficulties in planning of care to promote the health during the pregnancy. Objectives of this study were to identify the rate of complaints in each minor discomforts and to explore the influencing factor on reduction of complaints of minor discomforts. The subjects were 120 mothers, who delivered their babies in hospital, from September to December 1990 and the reason why the postpartum mothers were selected as the subjects were minor discomforts could develope during the entire period of pregnancy. Data were gathered by the questionnares and analized statistically using SAS and SPSS program. Results were as follows. 1. More than one third of the subjects complained frequent urination, fatigue, increase of the vaginal discharge, morning sickness, the increased urination at night, pain in leg, backache, edema in leg, constipation, dyspnea, varicose vein, flatulence, headache. 2. Minor discomforts complained to be severe in more than one third of the subjects were frequent urination and increased urination at night. 3. The influencing factor to reduce the complaints of minor discomfort was revealed to be the perceived family support (r=0.030431, t=0.0007). We suggest that nurses should emphasize the importance of the family support to the pregnant women and their family, and to explore the relationships among the locus of control, the perceived family support and the complaints of minor discomforts.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.10 no.9
• /
• pp.141-151
• /
• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the type of Sanhujori subjectivity experienced by husbands of pregnant women, and analyzed the characteristics of each type. Method: Q-methodology was used and 207 statements were extracted. Finally, 37 Q-samples were derived and 40 P-samples used the 9-point scale to distribute statements. Data were collected from March-May 2018 and analyzed using PC-QUANL program. Results: The analysis of factor weights and variables showed that 48.0% of the total variance was explained by three types of subjectivity, namely, 'couple-centered pursuit of women's health', 'expecting emotional recovery and requiring social support', and 'each family makes their own family system' for which the explanatory powers were 38.1%, 5.8%, and 4.1%, respectively. Conclusion: This study is meaningful as it explores Sanhujori from the viewpoint of husbands; its findings can be used to both evaluate Sanhujori service in Korea and provide basic data to develop convergent services for Sanhujori.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 2008

Maternal depression is known to have important negative effects on mother, child and mother-child relationship. To review current research evidence of association between maternal depression and their children's health and development, relevant studies were identified using Medline and Kiss(Korean studies Information Service System). The majority of research has reported that children of mother with depression are at risk for impaired physical functioning, growth and developmental delays, and behavioral problems compared to general population. From these studies, it is suggested that these kinds of studies are necessary in this country to examine the relation between maternal depression and children's health and development. Recommendations are included for future research and screening programs for maternal depression.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.92-100
• /
• 2004

Due to insufficient clinical information, most cervicovaginal smears from pregnant or postpartum women have been screened without regard to pregnancy-related cytological changes. Here, we have reviewed 116 abnormal cervicovaginal smears from 103 pregnant and postpartum women. Initial cytological diagnoses revealed the following: 9 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 8 cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 85 cases of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), and 14 cases involving atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS). 31 cases upon review, involved pregnancy-related cytological changes, comprising 25 cases of decidua cells, 4 cases of Arias-Stella reaction, and 2 cases of cedidual cells coupled with Arias-Stella reaction. Interpretation errors were detected in 14 cases: 13 cases of decidual cells interpreted as either ASCUS favor reactive or ASCUS ruled out HSIL, and one case of Arias-Stella reaction was interpreted as ASCUS ruled out HSIL. Decidual cells and degenerated glandular cells with Arias-Stella reaction can result in diagnostic mistakes. In order to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary surgeries, both clinicians and pathologists must be aware of the pregnancy-related cytological changes. The clinician should also always inform the pathologist on the pregnancy status of the patient.

• Clinical and Molecular Hepatology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.374-383
• /
• 2018

Background/Aims: There have been numerous efforts to reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with antiviral agents during pregnancy. However, there are limited data regarding the outcomes of pregnant women after delivery. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral agents in preventing MTCT of HBV and maternal long-term outcomes. Methods: The HBV-infected pregnant women treated with antiviral agents to prevent MTCT were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-one pregnant women who received telbivudine or tenofovir during late pregnancy (28-34 week) were analyzed. Hepatitis B virus surface antibody (HBsAb) positivity was tested in 43 infants after 7 months of birth. Eleven mothers were followed >1 year after delivery. Results: The mean HBV DNA titer before antiviral therapy was 8.67 (6.60-9.49) log copies/mL, and the median age at delivery was 32 years (range, 22-40). Eleven patients were treated with tenofovir and 30 with telbivudine. The median duration was 57 days (range, 23-100), and the median HBV DNA titer at birth was 5.06 log copies/mL (range, 2.06-6.50). Antiviral treatments were associated with significant HBV DNA reduction (P<0.001). Among 43 infants (two cases of twins), HBsAb was not detected in two, subsequently confirmed to have HBV infection. Biochemical flare was observed in two of 11 mothers followed >12 months, and an antiviral agent was administered. Conclusions: Antiviral treatment during late pregnancy effectively reduced MTCT. Long-term follow-up should be required in such cases. In addition, given that maternal biochemical flare occurred in 18% of mothers, re-administration of antiviral agents might be required.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.382-392
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate breast-feeding and breast-feeding health behavior among korean first-time mothers and to provide basic data for promoting breast- feeding. Data were collected by interview or self report from 444 first-time mothers who visited health clinic center in the area of metropolitan, medium or small city, countryside. and whose infants were under 12 months old from January 2001 to February 2001. The results show that breast-feeding was 31.5% in a week after childbirth, 25.8% in 4 weeks after childbirth, 22.7% in 2 months, 17.8% in 3 months, 14.3% in 6 months, 2.5% in 12 months after childbirth. Breast-feeding rate was very low in Korea and the duration of breast-feeding was very short. Breast-feeding health behavior did not show significant differences by general characteristics of the subjects except area. The subjects in the health clinic center with MCN project did better breast feeding health behavior than the subject in the health clinic center without MCN project. To raise breast-feeding rate, several strategy could be suggested. Systemic education about importance and advantages of breast-feeding and desirable breast-feeding method should be provided to pregnant women and postpartum women. Childbirth leave in the work should be prolonged, and supportive facility such as nursery room should be installed for working mothers. Hospitals should follow the guideline of 'Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative' which was provided by UNISEF and WHO, including rooming-in after delivery.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2003

This studies were performed to functional food consisted of herb mixture having an effect on postpartum body weight control in 105 subjects(control group n=54, experimental group n=51). Mean age of control and experimental group were 29.3 and 29.1 Mean pregravida body mass index of control and experimental group were 22.8 and 21.5. Total weight gain during the period of pregnancy of control and experimental group were 19.1kg and 17.8kg. In this studies, changes in postpartum weight was measured until one year after parturition. Until 1 month after parturition, there almost had no changes in weight all of two groups. But after 2 month, change in weight loss between two groups was shown definitely. Mean weight loss of control group and experimental group were 2.3kg and 6.5kg after 2 month, 3.7kg and 9.8kg after 3 month, 5.0kg and 10.4kg after 1 year(p<0.01).

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.280-291
• /
• 2002

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the maternal child health services provided by public health centers in Pyungtaek city. Methods: Data were collected based on multiple sources of official records. A questionnaire survey was obtained from 50 mothers with premature babies, and 89 mothers with full- term babies, in order to compare their demographic factors, and physical, obstetrical, and emotional status. In addition, the investigators collected data on pre and post follow-up care for the remature group to evaluate the effects of home visiting services on them. Moreover, additional data were collected from 135 pregnant women and 315 mothers with infants, to assess their degree of satisfaction for prenatal education course and breast feeding practices. Results: 1) The pregnant women's satisfaction for the prenatal education course, knowledge, and practices on self care were considered to be high. 2) Of the mothers with infants, 62.9% experienced breast feeding, but only 35.9% of them did it for six months. 3) Premature birth rate in the region was 5.6%, and 75.6% of all premature babies received follow-up care. 4) The mothers with premature babies experienced premature rupture of membrane. placenta previa, preeclampsia, and cesarean section more frequently than the mothers with full-term babies. 5) At the pre-intervention data collection point. mothers with premature babies experienced significantly less social support than mothers with full-term babies. In addition, mothers with premature babies reported higher levels of stress and care-giving burdens, and lower level of self esteem, than mothers with full-term babies, although the differences were not statistically significant. 6) In the premature group, stress, care giving burdens, and postpartum depression decreased after the intervention, whereas maternal self esteem, and the husband's support were increased after the intervention. Social support from significant others were somewhat decreased. 7) Satisfaction for the home visiting service in the mothers with premature babies was very high. Conclusion: These results showed a possibility that the recently started maternal child health services provided by the public health centers may be efficient. Although statistically significant differences were not found, the investigators found a potential for changes in a positive direction. Long-term effects of the health services on maternal child health needs should be addressed in future studies.