• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, that have adverse effects on animals and humans. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin and deoxynivalenol are the mycotoxins of greatest agro-economic importance and cause acute disease called mycotoxicoses. Mycotoxicosis in poultry birds results in decreased meat/egg production, immunosuppressant, and hepatotoxicosis. Some of toxins or their metabolites may be retained in animal or human tissues and induce health problems. This study was designed to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin $B_1$, aflatoxin $M_1$, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisin B and deoxynivalenol, in chicken liver and kidney tissues. The mycotoxins were extracted and purified using modified QUECHERS methods, separated by LC and detected by an electrospray ionisation interface (ESI) and tandem MS. Good precision and linearity were observed for most of six mycotoxins. The recovery test for each mycotoxin in liver and kidney tissues mostly indicated good average recovery rates between 80.94% and 98.10% and the coefficient of variation mostly under 13.78%, except for aflatoxin $M_1$ and fumonisin $B_1$. The limit of detection (LOD) for six mycotoxins was $7.6{\sim}145.79{\mu}g/kg$ in liver tissues and $6.07{\sim}197.20{\mu}g/kg$ in kidney tissues. The quantification limits (LOQ) for 6 mycotoxins were in the range $23.04{\sim}441.78{\mu}g/kg$ in liver tissues and $18.40{\sim}597.59{\mu}g/kg$ in kidney tissues, respectively. The developed multi-mycotoxin method in this study permits simultaneous, simple, and rapid determination of several co-existing mycotoxins in chicken liver and kidney tissues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and assess nutrient intake levels for the purpose of improving MS risk factors. The participants in this study were 512 adults consisting of 271 men and 241 women aged 30 and over, who visited a public health center for a medical check up. The diagnosis of MS subjects was adapted from the NCEP-ATPIII guidelines and the WHO Asia-Pacific Area criteria for obesity. The MS group was defined as subjects displaying three or more risk factors, and the non MS group was defined as those displaying two or less risk factors. A dietary survey was conducted using the 24-hour recall method. The number of subjects displaying MS syndrome factors was 158 (30.9%), broken down into, 89 men and 69 women. Regarding risk factors in the MS group, the prevalence of waist circumference was 40.5%, hypertension 34.2%, hyperglycemia 31.0%, low HDL-cholesterol 24.7%, and hypertriglycemia 19.6%. BMI, sistolic blood pressure, blood glocose, blood triglyceride, and blood HCL-cholesterol of the MS group were significantly higher compared to the non MS group. Male subjects in the MS group reported high intakes of cereals, sugar, fruits, meat and poultry, oil and fats, and beverages and total food intake was significantly higher compared to the non MS group. Women in the MS group reported high intakes of meat and poultry, milk and dairy products, beverages, and seasonings, and total food intake was higher compared to the non MS group. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was 3.82~4.04, which was not significant among the groups. In men, dietary variety score (DVS) was 16.3 in the MS group and 19.4 in the non MS group, whereas in women, the DVS was 15.2 in the non MS group and 17.0 in the MS group. In GMVDF pattern, 11111 pattern was 30.7%, followed by 01111 for men and 11101 for women. Calorie, fat, and cholesterol intakes in men as well as, calorie, fat, and folate intakes in women in the MS group were higher compared to the non MS group. Intakes of protein, P, Fe, Na, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin E, and Zn were higher than the KDRIs. On the other hand, intakes of Ca, K, fiber, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin C were below the KDRIs. Intakes of lipids, animal food, Na, and cholesterol in the MS group were higher compared to the non MS group, whereas intake of dietary fiber was lower. Our results indicate that continuous, systematic nutritional education program must implemented to reduce the risk factors associated with MS.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine risk ranking of the combination of pathogen-livestock or livestock products to identify the most significant public health risks and to prioritize risk management strategies. First, we reviewed foodborne outbreak data related to livestock products and determined main vehicles and pathogens according to the number of outbreak and case. Second, expert's opinion about management priority of pathogen-livestock product pairing was surveyed with 19 livestock experts in the university, research center, and government agency. Lastly, we used the outcome of Risk Ranger (semi-quantitative risk ranking tool) of 14 combinations of pathogen and livestock or livestock products. We have classified the combination of pathogen-livestock products into group I (high risk), II (medium risk), and III (low risk) according to their risk levels and management priority. Group I, which is the highest risk for foodborne outbreak, includes Salmonella spp./egg and egg products, Campylobacter spp./poultry, pathogenic E. coli/meat and processed ground meat. In conclusion, the results of this study will provide the specific guideline of mid- and long-term planning for risk assessment and risk management prioritization of the combination of pathogen and livestock, or livestock product.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Objectives: The 2003 WHO/FAO technical report described that Korea has largely maintained its traditional high-vegetable diet despite major social and economic changes, and had lower than expected levels of obesity prevalence than other industrialized countries. However, the prevalence of obesity in Korea has recently been rapidly increasing. The aim of this study was to elucidate the determinants of this rapid growth of obesity prevalence in Korea and to compare the results of national nutrition surveys between Korea and Japan. Methods: The trends of the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Korea instituted every 3 years and that in Japan conducted every year were compared. The results of obesity prevalence defined as more than 25 of the Body Mass Index, the percentage of habitual exercisers and the results of the nutritional surveys were examined from 1992 to 2005 in Korea and from 1992 to 2004 in Japan. Results: The prevalence of obesity in males has been gradually increasing in both Korea and Japan since 1992. Though until 1995 the prevalence of obesity in the Korean male population was less than that in Japan, after 1998 Korea surpassed Japan and a markedly increasing trend was observed. In females, the increasing trend of obesity was slower than males in both Korea and Japan. However, the prevalence of obesity was much higher in Korea compared with that in Japan. The percentage of exercisers was much lower in Korea than in Japan. Although, the definition of an exerciser varies with the survey year in Korea and is different from that in Japan, almost 70% of the population was not regularly engaging in moderate or hard intensity exercise in Korea. From 1995, the total energy intake was increased by 9.8% in Korea but it was decreased by 6.9% in Japan. Presently, the energy intake per capita per day in Korea exceeded that in Japan. Remarkable increases in the intake of meat and poultry, vegetable oils and fats, and milk and dairy products were observed in Korea from 1995 to 2005. On the other hand, these values decreased during the same period in Japan. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity in Korea is increasing and has surpassed that of Japan. The current trends could be attributed to the low prevalence of habitual exercisers, and an increase in energy intake and the proportion of energy intake from fat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.779-784
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• 2003

Nitrate a common component of man's chemical environment, is present in foods either naturally or in an additive introduced during processing of foods. Nitrate level of foods have been found depending on nitrosation of soils and other various environmental factors. Therefore data on nitrate contents of foods reported in other countries can not be adapted to Korean foods. Also data on nitrate levels of Korean foods available were reported 10 years ago, which would be assumed to differ from those of foods currently consuming by Koreans. The present study was attempted to determine nitrate contEnts of common foods. Based on National Nutrition Survey Report 143 food items out of 14 food groups were selected for this study Nitrate levels of common foods used in the study were from N.D (not detected) to 6733.33 mg/kg foods. Mean nitrate levels of food groups 27.2 mg/kg of cereal and grain products, 78.1 mg/kg in potatoes and potato products, 8.3 mg/kg in legumes and their products N.D of seeds and nuts, 1012.1 mg/kg of vegetables and their products,76.3 mg/kg fungi and mushrooms 42.2 mg/kg fruits,34.5 mg/kg of meat, poultry and their products,0 mg/kg in eggs, 23.9 mg/kg in fish, shellfishes and their products,23.0 mg/kg in seaweeds, 7.7 mg/kg milk and dairy products, 26.3 mg/kg in seasonings, 68.0 mg/kg in others.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.278-287
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban children (1-10 years old) by household income status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children's dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Diet adequacy was assessed based on recommended intakes of energy and nutrients and food group servings. RESULTS: For toddlers, all nutrients except dietary fiber (5.5 g) exceeded recommended intakes. Among older children (preschoolers and school children), calcium (548 mg, 435 mg) and dietary fiber (7.4 g, 9.4 g) did not meet recommendations while percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fats exceeded 30% and 10%, respectively. The mean sodium intakes of preschoolers (1,684 mg) and school children (2,000 mg) were relatively high. Toddlers in all income groups had similar energy and nutrient intakes and percentages meeting the recommended intakes. However, low income older children had lowest intakes of energy (P < 0.05) and most nutrients (P < 0.05) and highest proportions that did not meet recommended energy and nutrient intakes. For all food groups, except milk and dairy products, all age groups had mean intakes below the recommended servings. Compared to middle and high income groups, low income preschoolers had the lowest mean intake of fruits (0.07 serving), meat/poultry (0.78 serving) and milk/dairy products (1.14 serving) while low income toddlers and school children had the least mean intake of fruits (0.09 serving) and milk/dairy products (0.54 serving), respectively. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic status, as indicated by low household income, could limit access to adequate diets, particularly for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidance to ensure adequate quantity and quality of home food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Technology-Based Effluent Limitations (TBELs) is a permit limits for a pollutant that is based on the capability of a treatment technology to reduce the pollutant to a certain concentration. Widely practiced for regulations of industrial wastewater in US, TBELs has been accepted as an effective means that can achieve balanced goals between complete elimination of pollutants discharge and economic feasibility for industries. The review of TBELs application in US and the applicability of TBELs to the domestic industry categories was given in three papers. In the first paper, the development and practices of TBELs in US were reviewed including case studies. The developments of TBELs in US in the four major categories, the metal products & machinery, the petroleum refining, the porcelain enameling and the meat & poultry products were reviewed. The applicability of TBELs to the domestic industrial categories was also assessed. In the second paper, the pollution loads analysis for domestic industrial wastewater was conducted based on risk assessment indicator using Toxic Weighting Factors (TWFs). This is an essential part to determine the priority of TBELs application for the domestic industrial categories. In the last paper, the application of TBELs to the domestic industries was demonstrated through a case-study for the pulp/paper/paperboard category. Direct application of TBELs of US into the Korean regulation system may not be desirable because the specific goals and the environment for the regulations for the two countries may not be identical. For example, unlike US, Korea does not adopt the individual permit system for pollution sources. However, among the unproductive and exhaustive controversies over the uniform regulations regardless of the industrial categories in Korea, the introduction of the principles of TBELs are inevitable and more extensive study for applications of TBELs optimized for Korean regulation system will be necessary.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 1997

A six week feeding trial was conducted to determine the amount of fish meal analog (FMA) that can be replacing fish meal protein (FM) in Korean Rockfish. Seven experimental diets were formulated on isonitrogenous 52% crude protein and isocaloric basic 16.8KJ/g diet. Also, foreign commercial fish meal analog (CFMA) and attractants (ATT) were tested in this experiment. Percentage of the graded level of replacement of FM by FMA/CFMA on the basis of crude protein were as following : Diet 1, 100%FM ; Diet by 2, 60%FM : 40% CFMA ; Diet 3, 60%FM : 40$ CFMA+ATT ; Diet 4, 80%FM : 20%FMA ; Diet 5, 80%FM : 20% FMA+ATT ; Diet 6, 60%FM : 40%FMA+ATT ; Diet 7, 40%FM : 60% FMA+ATT. The FMA was made by mixing six animal protein source such as th blood meal, squid liver powder, meat and bond meal, leather meal, feather meal, poultry by-product and 3 essential amino acids (Met, Lys, Ile). Weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diets 4, 5 and 6 were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of fish fed the control (100% FM), while those of fish fed diets 2 and 3 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the diet 6. There was no significant ATT effects in this study (P>0.05). Significant differences were found in hepatosomatic index, hemoglobin and condition factor. Therefore, these, results indicated that FMA can be used up to 40% as a substitute of fish meal protein in Korean Rockfish diets.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.731-748
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated e kinds and names of side dishes along with their recipes and ingredients occuring in Korean cookbooks published before the 17th century. The side dishes were classified 79 kinds of Guk, 23 kinds of Jjim and Seon, 15 kinds of Gui, 3 kinds of Jeon, 7 kinds of Nureumi, 3 kinds of Bokkeum, 30 kinds of Chae, 11 kinds of Hoe, 7 kinds of Jwaban, 6 kinds of Mareunchan, 12 kinds of Pyeonyuk and 5 kinds of Jeonyak, Jokpyeon and Sundae. The earliest records were found on Guk, Jjim, Jwaban, Po and Pyeonyuk Gui, Namul and Hoe were recorded after the 1500's and Nureumi, Jeon, Jeonyak, Jokpyeon and Sundae were developed relatively late in the late 17th century. As to the kinds of side dishes, Guk was the most common. Guks cooked before the 17th century used different recipes and more types of ingredients than today, including some that are not used today. For Jjim, various seasonings were added to main ingredients such as poultry, meat, seafood and vegetable. Most of the records found for Jjim used chicken as the main ingredient. Gui was recorded as Jeok or Gui and there weren't many ingredients for Gui before the 17th century. Gui was usually seasoned with salt or soy bean sauce and broiled after applying oil. Vegetables were broiled after a applying flour-based sauce. The Jeon cooked at that time was different from the one that is cooked today in that cow organs or sparrows were soaked in oily soy bean sauce before being stewed. Nureumi, which was popular in the 17th century, but rarely made today, was a recipe consisting of adding a flour or starch-based sauce to stewed or broiled main ingredients. Chae was a side dish prepared with edible plants, tree sprouts or leaves. Chaes like Donga and Doraji were colored with Mandrami or Muroo. Hoe was a boiled Hoe and served after boiling seafood. Jwaban was cooked by applying oil to and then broiling sparrows, dudeok, and mushrooms that had been seasoned and dried. For dried Chans, beef or fish was thin-sliced, seasoned and dried or sea tangle was broiled with pine nuts juice. There are some recipes from the 17th century whose names are gone or the recipes or ingredients have changed. Thus we must to try to rebuild three recipes and develop recipes using our own foods of today.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.95-109
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• 2001

The traditional (European) Mediterranean diet is characterized by an abundance of plant foods such as bread, pasta, vegetables, salad, legumes, fruit, nuts; olive oil as the principal source of fat; low to moderate amounts offish, poultry, dairy products and eggs; only small amounts of red meat; low to moderate amounts of wine, normally consumed with meals. This diet is low in saturated fatty acids, rich in carbohydrate and fibre, and has a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). These are primarily derived from olive oil. Despite a wealth of general knowledge concerning the major classes of compounds present in olives and olive oil, detailed knowledge of the phenolic antioxidant content has been lacking. Therefore the aim of the study was to evaluate the phenolic antioxidant content in a range of olive and seed oils. While seed oils were devoid, on average, the olive oils contained $196{\pm}19mg/kg$ total phenolics as judged by HPLC analysis, but the value for extravirgin ($232{\pm}15 mg/kg$) was significantly higher than that of refined virgin olive oil ($62{\pm}12mg/kg$; P<0.0001). Appreciable quantities of simple phenols (hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol) were detected in olive oils, with significant differences between extravirgin ($41.87{\pm}6.17$) and refined virgin olive oils ($4.72{\pm}2.15$; P<0.01). The major linked phenols were secoiridoids and lignans. Although extravirgin contained higher concentrations of secoiridoids ($27.72{\pm}6.84$) than refined olive oils ($9.30{\pm}3.81$) this difference was not significant. On the other hand the concentration of lignans was significantly higher (P<0.001) in extravirgin ($41.53{\pm}3.93$) compared to refined virgin olive oils ($7.29{\pm}2.56$). All classes of phenolics were shown to be potent antioxidants. In future epidemiolgic studies, both the nature and source of olive oil consumed should be differentiated in ascertaining cancer risk.