• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.57
• /
• pp.33-48
• /
• 2012

Over the last decades, the issue of work or labor has played a critical role in prevailing discourses to represent the changed economic reality. Aesthetic labor, cultural work, network labor, team-work and alike, have played a dazzling role to represent the emerging economic order, employing the word of labor. Certainly, it is not less than a part of a wide range of shifts in order to make capital work with more effect by making up a workable and governable subject. In this article, I try to examine shifts around the media work which has contributed to expand the new discourse of 'labor.' I will say that it is quite crucial for accounting for the reality of media work to shed light on moves to represent media work, and, among others, one to transform the subjectivity involved in it among others. Furthermore, it would be necessary to take a close look at the subjectivity of media work and its modification to deal with and eliminate the precariousness of media work. Saying about media work without paying any attention to heterogenous and various practices to compose a media work, one is forced to regard media work as the matter of economic and legal interests. In addition, it would bring about that the cultural political concerns of media work will be detached from critical sight of the media cultural studies. Referring to major studies around media work in critical media studies, cultural studies and political economy of communication, this article will briefly look into the arrangement of contentions around subjectivity of media work in South Korea. And it will try to suggest what cultural-political strategy we need to investigate, fighting against the hegemonic power to generate and regulate media work and its workers in precarious conditions. It does not intend to search the media work and its complicated realities in detail in South Korea. I wish that it would make a preliminary step to propose and elaborate the critical analysis of media work and its form of subjectivities.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.143-209
• /
• 2005

In 1994, the North Korea indicated their intention to open up airspace. The air route passing through from Daegue FIR to Pyungyang FIR has established in 1996. The air transport cooperation between South and North Korea seemed to be reinforced at the event of President Kim, Dae-Jung's visit to North Korea by passing through a temporarily established Yellow Sea Airway in the year of 2000. The nature characteristics of air transport burdening of many circumstantial situations, however, have kept cooperation between South and North Korea from being facilitated till now. Recently as the more exchange between North and South Korea, the more frequent opportunities to discuss economic cooperation, which in sequence increased political credibility has been increased. The rail, road, and port reconnecting has realized which have been regarded impossible. Furthermore, it is expected to transport personnel and goods through South-North direct connected routes in the near future This study shows several meanings of air transport cooperation between South and North Korea. It will be far beyond simply partial air route connecting in this region, it gives great significance to realize economic cooperation and Northeast hub through air transport industry sector. This will be an exit for air transport industry have suffered limits derived from North Korea troubles and difficulties in growing as Northeast air hub. Namely, South-North air connection denote its meaning in providing opportunities Korea to be Northeast Hub and advanced country having globally competitive air transport industry To develop strategy for air transport cooperation between South and North Korea. they were developed by SWOT analysis on the basis of circumstantial analysis. These strategy need to be commanded properly to the changes of surrounded circumstances. The study result show it is desirable to apply phasal strategies by using strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities factors underlying analysis of inner and outer circumstances to cooperate in air transport sector.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.367-408
• /
• 2018

This study examines the features of globalization process in GM and Hyundai Motors, especially in the expansion into China auto market, through a joint venture(hereafter JV) research center. Due to the large scale market in China and the 50:50 JV, the two companies had to respond in some way to the Chinese government's request for localization of research and development functions, and their response affected the role of the JV research center. Even though the improvement in technological capability expected from the JV by the Chinese side did not appear well in the early stage in both JV, but relatively the Shanghai GM JV research center had a technological progress compared to the Beijing Hyundai JV research center. This paper explains the differences in the technical capabilities of the two JV research center, despite the same type of JV, as the difference between the status of the Chinese partner and the global strategy of the parent company. SAIC, a Chinese partner in Shanghai GM as a top-tier company, not only has been strongly demanding technology transfer from GM since the beginning of the JV, but has also made efforts to improve its own technical capabilities. Meanwhile, BAIC, a Chines partner in Beijing Hyundai as a mid-tier company, has not been strongly demanding technology transfer and lacked its own research base. Regarding the parent company's global strategy, although both companies controlled the core areas of research and development by their parent companies, GM actively considered using the Chinese RV to develop Chinese and emerging country vehicles. On the other hand, Hyundai Motors responded to the localization demand of the Chinese government while paying more attention to preventing technology leakage through its independent research center in China. The above discussion shows that the process of globalization of a company is a political process in which the global strategy of the parent company and the demands of the stakeholders surrounding the subsidiary are collided and compromised, rather than a process in which the harmony and cooperation between the parent company and its subsidiaries are smoothly achieved as the parent company's policies are unilaterally implemented.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.81-110
• /
• 2018

In this paper, we examined the regional economic integration, the trade negotiation strategy and bargaining power of the European Union through the logical structure of the three - dimensional game theory. In the three - dimensional game theory, the negotiator emphasized that the negotiation strategy of the triple side existed while simultaneously operating the game standing on the boundary of each side game, constrained from each direction or occasionally using the constraint as an opportunity. The study of three-dimensional game theory is aimed at organizing the process of coordinating opinions and meditating interests at the international level, regional level and member level by the regional union as a subject of negotiation. This study would compare and analyze the recently concluded EU-Japan EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) negotiation process with the case of the EU FTA, and summarize the logic of the three-dimensional game theory applicable to the FTA of the regional economic partnership. Furthermore, the study would illustrate the strategies of the regional economic cooperatives to respond to negotiations. The area of trade policy at the EU level has already been completed by the exclusive power of the Union on areas where it is difficult to politicize with technical features. Moreover, the fact that the policy process at the Union level has not been revealed as a political issue, and that the public opinion process is a double-step approach. In conclusion, the EU's trade policy process constitutes a complicated and sophisticated process with the allocation of authority by various central organizations. The mechanism of negotiation is paradoxically simplified because of the common policy decision process and the structural characteristics of the trade zone, and the bargaining power at the community level is enhanced. As a result, the European Commission would function as a very strong negotiator in bilateral trade negotiations at the international level.

• Strategy21
• /
• s.34
• /
• pp.236-261
• /
• 2014

The future role of nuclear extended deterrence in the security alliance between the United States and the Republic of Korea is currently a central concern. The gradually lessening role of reliance on nuclear weapons in US security policies broadly, combined with increasing North Korean nuclear capabilities and belligerence, raise fresh questions about the sufficiency of the "nuclear umbrella" as a pillar of the US-ROK defense posture. This article addresses the current and future role of nuclear extended deterrence in Korea in this dynamic context. The article reviews the longstanding trend toward reducing the overall size of the US nuclear arsenal, and assesses developments in US-ROK outlooks toward extended deterrence in response to the Obama administration's nuclear policies and North Korea's recent smaller-scale aggressions. The analysis finds that the challenges of deterrence credibility and allied reassurance are difficult and long-term. The analysis explains how these challenges emerge less from a shrinking US numerical arsenal size than from the sufficiency of specific nuclear and non-nuclear capabilities to meet emerging smaller-scale threats. The analysis also highlights the importance of broader strategic and political interaction in sustaining allied confidence in any joint security posture. The evaluation concludes that a strong US-ROK alliance relationship can be maintained while the size of the US nuclear arsenal continues to decline, in part because nuclear weapons in any deployment configuration are relatively ineffective means for deterring smaller-scale aggression. Nevertheless, continuing adjustment of the US-ROK extended deterrence posture to the evolving, complex and uncertain Korean peninsula security environment will remain an ongoing challenge. Finally, the article encourages further examination of the potential specific role ROK maritime forces might serve in enhancing deterrence of smaller-scale threats while minimizing risks of conflict escalation.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.27-52
• /
• 2022

Objectives: The neighboring countries of South Korea and Japan in Northeast Asia have interacted in both positive and negative ways, at times as close partners and other times adversaries, throughout their long and thorny history of extensive dynamics. The controversial dispute over Dokdo is one of the most critical issues evoking harsh tensions and arguments asserting wholly opposite claims. Dokdo is a small island between two coastal states, but significant in terms of territorial, botanical, and marine resources, and thus ownership of the island has become a point of conflict accompanied by a troubled history. But why has Dokdo been a source of conflicts and how should the controversial Dokdo issue be addressed in a way that fosters positive influence and co-prosperity? Methods: This study provides comprehensive and critical insights from a wealth of previous research and strategic suggestions for the Korean government. It utilizes the three perspectives of historical documents and political context, international regulations and legal frames, and public diplomacy. Furthermore, it applies these resources to negotiation theories and strategies to propose reasonable solutions. Results: This study suggests that it is important for Korea and Japan to try to build mutual trust through more active communication and interaction in order to understand each other before attempting to create a formal resolution via negotiation. In addition to these efforts, Korea needs to be ready for the inevitable need to take decisive action in terms of negotiation, using analytic and efficient strategies. The study proposes three solutions: 1) Strong Action Strategy, 2) International Legal Strategy, and 3) Public Diplomacy Strategy. Conclusions: From the perspective of public diplomacy, the Dokdo issue needs to be converted from a symbol of conflicts between Korea and Japan into a symbol of peace and co-prosperity. In addition to promoting a positive relationship between the two states, it can also contribute to the security environment of the Northeast Asian region and global peace.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.5-16
• /
• 2009

Against the backdrop of the increasing trend towards economic globalisation, many international firms are indicating that decisions on how to enter foreign markets remains one of the key strategic challenges confronting them. Despite the rich body of literature on the topic, the fact that these challenges have continued to dominate global marketing strategy discourses point to someevident lacunae. Accordingly, this paper considers the variables, categorised in terms of firm contexts (standardisation, market research, competition, structure, competitive advantage) and host country-contexts (economic development, cultural differences, regulation and political risk), which influence the degree of involvement of UK companies in overseas markets. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The greater the level of competition, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H2: The more centralised the firm's organisation structure, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H3a: The adoption of a low cost-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3b: The adoption of an innovation-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3c: The adoption of a market research approach to competitive advantages will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3d: The adoption of a breadth of strategic target-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a lower degree of involvement. H4: The higher the degree of standardisation of the international marketing mix the higher the degree of involvement. H5: The greater the degree of economic development in the host market, the higher the degree of involvement. H6: The greater the cultural differences between home and host countries, the lower the degree of involvement. H7: The greater the difference in regulations between the home country and the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. H8: The higher the political risk in the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. A questionnaire instrument was constructed using, wherever possible, validated measures of the concepts to serve the aims of this study. Following two sets of mailings, 112 usable completed questionnaires were returned. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. Statistically, the paper suggests that factors relating to the level of competition, competitive advantages and economic development are strong in influencing foreign market involvements. On the other hand, unexpectedly, cultural factors (especially individualism/collectivism and low and high power distance dimensions) proved to have weak moderating effects. The reason for this, in part, is due to the pervading forces of globalisation and the attendant effect on global marketing. This paper has contributed to the general literature in a way that point to two mainimplications. First, with respect to research on national systems, the study may hold out some important lessons especially for developing nations. Most of these nations are known to be actively seeking to understand what it takes to attract foreign direct investment, expand domestic market and move their economies from the margin to the mainstream global economy. Second, it should be realised that competitive conditions remain in constant flux (even in mature industries and mature economies). This implies that a range of home country factors may be as important as host country factors in explaining firms' strategic moves and the degree of foreign market involvement. Further research can consider the impact of the home country environment on foreign market involvement decisions. Such an investigation will potentially provide further perspectives not only on the influence of national origin but also how home country effects are confounded with industry effects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.15 no.7
• /
• pp.4246-4257
• /
• 2014

The aim of this study was to search for a security strategy and security education program by analyzing the security awareness of universities with and without Department of Military Science. The results of university student's security awareness revealed a normal level of recognition and differences according to region and gender. The recognition of stability of current Korean national security is normally low on average, which suggests that students feel anxiety towards national security. In addition, the North Korea provocation influence on national security has been recognized highly (score of 4.33 on average). The national security awareness of university students in the case of whether establishing a Dept. of Military Science or not showed a normal level, which revealed a score of 3.44, and differed according to region, gender and recruitment, and had a relationship with the recognition of Dept. of Military Science management. Therefore, the political consideration of security authorities is in strong demand to improve the security awareness of general university students, and have an influx of great human resources by advertising the educational contents, advantages and future career of Dept. of Military Science students.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.203-213
• /
• 1998

The forthcoming twenty-first century is at the mercy of information and culture. A quality of humanlife is under the control of a cultural level. A nation's creative culture and a cultural level represent all things about the nation; and a national image, as a whole result of culture, is enormously influential. This new era of culturalism gives us a significant responsibility for getting ready for the late industrial society by practically harmonizing rationality of modem culture with conception of traditional culture. Industrializing culture and culturalizing industry will be the most important strategy for existence in these days of borderless international competitiveness. Cultural products which is containing a nation's own culture can not only enhance the national image, but also become high value-added industry. While general products are developed for the purpose of convenient and practical use, cultural products are created with the intention of informing international society about a nation or a region. In order to confront with a global market system and a change of cultural environment, it is necessary to create a proper design with cultural inheritance for modem likes and senses, to produce the design on a commercial scale, and to strengthen its competitiveness on international markets. In order that a commodity is born, distributed throughout markets, and delivered to a final consumer, it is essential to understand complicated process such as development, distribution and marketing of products and to systematize each part. Although we should not neglect any part, a political and systemical plan or a distributional and marketing idea will be beside the point in this article. This article presents importance of traditional patterns as a Korean cultural image, and it shows the process of designing and developing products in order for traditional patterns to be utilized for products effectively. I expect that concrete activation and systematization for those works can be carried out successively.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.17 no.10
• /
• pp.503-517
• /
• 2017

After a few recent documentary films had commercial success, factors for their success are getting attention. This paper explores the factors of the financial success of two documentary films. "My Love, Don't Cross That River" gained extended popularity with its universal message, and "Two Doors" conveyed a poweful political message. This paper conducted a case study by inteviewing production directors and distribution managers. Analysis was based on the three categories suggested by Litman and Kohl(1989): creative sphere, distribution-scheduling release pattern, and marketing efforts. Findings present the common factors of the two movies' success in the following areas: persons and events showing a powerful reality, a message with new and fresh insight, artistic quality, distribution strategy with timely scheduling, release time (period), public relations, and advertising.. In addition, "My Love, Don't Cross That River" was helped by a sufficient budget for scheduling/releasing and advertising. Its wide-release stratergy worked as well. "Two Doors" was aided by the government support for release and by the special factor called 'Participating viewer'. By examining the factors of documentary films' commercial success, this study has an implication for the popularization of documentary movies by indicating how to strategically apply relevant factors.