• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.305-310
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• 2020

To confirm the accuracy of the prediction of parturition day, the actual parturition days were compared with each day of the prediction of parturition day (n = 80). The accuracy of the prediction of parturition day was 80.0% (64/80) with a precision of ± 2 days from the first day of estrus after the first vaginal discharge, 97.5% (78/80) from the day when plasma progesterone concentrations increase above 4.0 ng/ml, and 72.5% (58/80) from the first day of diestrus, respectively. The accuracy of the prediction of parturition day by plasma progesterone concentration was higher than that by the first day of estrus and diestrus after the first vaginal discharge. These results indicated that the determination of plasma progesterone concentrations at estrus were a useful method for estimating of parturition day and for the reproductive management in pregnant bitches.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.303-310
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• 2004

To establish a prediction table of parturition day real-time B-mode ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 12 pregnant Shih-tzu bitches. Measurement of inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter was performed from 15 days of gestation to parturition. These were converted retrospectively based on the day of parturition (Day 0). The data of inner chorionic cavity diameter obtained from Day -44 to Day -25 and fetal head diameter obtained from Day -25 to Day -1 were used to compile a prediction table of parturition day. The 22 pregnant Shih-tzu with unknown mating time were examined to assess an accuracy of the table established in this study. And these results were applied to the prediction of parturition day and compared to actual parturition day. Parturition day prediction based on the inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter was 100% accurate within ${\pm}2$ days. In addition, the accuracy for parturition day within 0, ${\pm}1$, and ${\pm}2$ days interval using the prediction table of parturition day were 68, 82, and 100%, respectively. Therefore, the prediction table of parturition day seems to be a useful tool for the prediction of parturition day in practice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.373-381
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• 2000

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on pregnant Korean Jindo bitches. Measurements of inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter were made from pregnancy day 15 to parturition. These measurements were converted retrospectively based on the day of parturition (day 0). The data of inner chorionic cavity diameter obtained from day -42 to day -25 and fetal head diameter obtained from day -24 to day -1 were used to prediction of parturition day. Formulas for the prediction of parturition day using the method of least squares were derived. These formulas were then used to predict parturition dates based on single measurements of inner chorionic cavity diameter or fetal head diameter in 17 additional pregnant Korean Jindo bitches. Predicted date of parturition was then compared to actual whelping date. In the prediction of parturition based on inner chorionic cavity diameter, 7 of 10 bitches were coincided prediction date and actual whelping date, and the prediction was accurate to within 1 day in 3 of 10 bitches. The prediction of parturition based on fetal head diameter was accurate to within 1 day in 6 of 7 bitches and within 2 days in 1 of 7 bitches. In conclusion, the ultrasound measurement of inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter are practical and accurate tool in the prediction of parturition.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to establish a practical regimen for artificial parturition induction using prostaglandin F2$\alpha$(PGF2$\alpha$) and estradiol-benezoate in Korean native goats. The effect of parturition induction and the time intervals to induced parturition after injection were investigated. The birth weight and body weight of kids at 15 days of age were measured. A total of 24 pluriparous goats were offered for this experiment. The animals were divided into 4 goats per treatment by the injection time(142, 145 or 148 day of pregnancy) and dosage(5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg). The results obtained were summarized as follows : A total of 24 pregnant goats were intramusculary treated with 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg of PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benzoate for parturition induction of Day 142, 145 or 148 of gestation. Parturition was induced in all of the goats(100%) treated. The kids produced from induced parturition were all healthy. The time intervals to induced parturition after PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benezoate injection of 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg to pregnant goats on Day 148(23.22$\pm$0.51~23.40$\pm$1.26hrs) were significantly(P<.01) shorter than those of the 142 days of the gestation(26.34$\pm$2.22~28.39$\pm$3.02hrs). No significant difference was found in the time intervals between the doses(5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg) treated for parturition induction. The birth weight of kids from induced parturition was no significant difference between on Day 148 and on Day 142 of gestation. However, the birth weight of kids from parturition induced on Day 148 was found significantly(P<.01) heavier than that of the 142 days of gestation. The body weight of kids at 15 days old was also significantly(P<.01) lighter in the parturition induced on day 142 than those on Day 142. The birth weight and body weight of kids at 15 days old were not affected by 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg injection of PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benzoate for inducing parturition. From the above results, it was concluded that the parturition induction by PGF2$\alpha$ and estradiol-benezoate injection of 5.0$\times$10 or 7.5$\times$7.5mg on Day 142 of gestation, which was correspondent to 8 days before expected spontaneous parturition, was available without any significant troubles.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to estimate of ovulation time and parturition day at the same time as breeding in small dog by vaginal cytology and to confirm the accuracy by comparing the expected parturition day and the real one. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell and anuclear cell in estrus, parabasal cell, small intermediate cell, large intermediate cell and leukocyte in diestrus, parabasal cell and small intermediate in anestrus, respectively. When day 0 was the parturition day, the period of pregnancy is 67.45(64~75) days when the cornification index (CI) is over 90%. Also, on the basis of ovulation day, 63.65(59~66) days was confirmed, and 57.0(52~60) days was confirmed based on the first day of diestrus. There are the gap of 4 days between the day being over 90% in CI and ovulation day. On the basis of this, when expecting parturition day based on the day being over 90% in CI by vaginal cytology, 18.1% was produced in the same of the expected parturition day and the real one, 30.3% and 33.3% were produced in the gap of one day and two days, respectively so, the accuracy within two days was 81.7%. In addition, based on the first day of diestrus, it also was identified to 81.7% as the difference between the expected parturition day and the real one within 2 days. It demonstrated there are any difference between any expected parturition day by vaginal cytology. Thus on the basis of the day of being over 90% CI, it is fully thought to using clinically due to the possibility of prediction the parturition day at the same time as the determination of the proper time of the optimal mating time.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 1992

The effects to the corticosteroid dexamethasone(DEX) and(or) estradiol-benzoate(E-B) treated to induction of parturition and birth weights of the young was conducted in 48 pregnant Korean native goats. The animals were divided into 4 goats per each treatment by the time(142, 145 and 148 day of pregnancy) and dosage(DEX 15, 20mg, DEX 8mg＋E-B 10mg and DEX 13mg＋E-B 7.5mg per goat). The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1 The time for induction of parturtion after DEX(15, 20mg) treatment on day 148 of pregnancy was significantly(P<0.01) shorter than 142 and 145 days. There was no significant difference each dosage of DEX on same day of pregnancy. 2. The addition of E-B to DEX treatment compared with DEX alone group at day 142 and 145 of pregnancy were significantly(P<0.01) shorter the time for induction of parturition. However, treatment with DEX along or with E-B on 148 day of pregnancy did not affect the time to induction(about 27 hrs) of parturition between each treatment. 3. The birth weight of kids after parturition was heaviest(P<0.01) on day 148 of pregnancy. However, development and vigor of kids were not significant different between DEX alone treatment and with E-B.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.301-304
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• 2020

The gestation period and parturition days were accurately predicted by measuring progesterone concentration in the plasma from 40 pregnant companion bitches. The mean length of the estrous cycle based on plasma progesterone concentrations were 8.14 ± 1.39 (Mean ± SD) days for proestrus, 9.19 ± 2.01 days for estrus, and 55.38 ± 1.96 days for diestrus phase, respectively. The gestation length from each based on the days was 65.61 ± 2.47 days from the first day of estrus after the first vaginal discharge, 63.21 ± 0.99 days from the day when plasma progesterone concentrations increase above 4.0 ng/ml, and 54.51 ± 3.51 days from the first day of diestrus, respectively. Therefore, the parturition day was estimated 65 days from the first day of estrus after the first vaginal discharge, 63 days from the day when plasma progesterone concentrations increase above 4.0 ng/ml, and 54 days from the first day of diestrus, respectively.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed to establish a prediction table of parturition date in pregnant Maltese, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih-tzu and Miniature Schnauzer bitches. The inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter in 45 pregnant bitches were converted retrospectively based on the day of parturition. The data of inner chorionic cavity diameter obtained from Day-44 to Day-25 and fetal head diameter obtained from Day-25 to Day-1 were used to compile a equations of prediction of parturition date. The 70 pregnant bitches with unknown mating time were examined to assess an accuracy of the equations established in this study. And these results were applied to the prediction of parturition date and compared to actual parturition date. The accuracy for parturition date within 0, $\pm$1, and $\pm$2 days interval using the equations of prediction of parturition date were 64.3%, 22.8% and 12.8%, respectively. The overall accuracy of prediction table of parturition day based on the ICCD and HD was 100% accurate within $\pm$2 days. Therefore, the prediction table seems to be a useful tool of the prediction of parturition day in practice.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.287-296
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• 1997

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed on 8 bitches (5 Maltese and 3 Yorkshire terrier) from day 15 until parturition to determine the size of gestational structures. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. When the size of fetal and extra-fetal structures according to gestational age was measured, there was a difference between Maltese and Yorkshire terrier in extra-fetal structures (P<0.001), and no difference in fetal structrures (P<0.001). The correlations between the gestational age and the growth in fetal and extra-fetal structures were examined by regression analysis. The extra-fetal structure which showed high correlation from day 20 to 35 was inner chorionic cavity diameter in two breeds. The fetal structures which showed high correlation from day 36 until parturition was fetal head diameter in two breeds. In conclusions inner chorionic cavity diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age and prediction of whelping day from day 20 to 35, and fetal head diameter from day 36 to parturitions respectively. Ultrasonography is very useful tool to evaluate the gestational age and to predict the whelping day in pet dogs.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1998

Jugular plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol-17\ulcorner and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin-F2봬(PGFM) were meausred prepartum during the last 12 days of pregnancy, at parturition, then 1 day after parturition in 16 goats. Plasma samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol-17\ulcorner(E2), prolactin(PRL) and prostagladin F2봬(PGF2봬) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. 1. The concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone in Korean native goats remained fairly constant(0.20 0.02\ulcorner0.38 0.04 mlu/ml) from 12 days prepartum to 1 postpartum but the concentrations of plasma prolactin rose slightly from 1 day prepartum. 2. The estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations increased rapidly after day 1 before partum, reaching a peak at parturition(74.8 77.5 pg/ml), and falling to 63.8 2.8 pg/ml at day 1 postpartum. 3. Starting at 323.2 69.6 twelve days before parturition, the concentrations of plasma prostaglandin F2봬 rose during the 1 day preceeding parturition(650.7봬57.8 pg/ml) and peaked at 1081.4 164.9 on the day of parturition. At day 1 postpartum, the concentrations of PGF2봬 decreased to 425.3 60.4 pg/ml. Finally, these results show that changes in prostaglandin F2봬 concentrations before parturition were closely related to changes in estradiol-17\ulcorner concnetrations, but after parturition they remained elevated whereas estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations fell abruptly.