• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.857-870
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to describe 12 years of patient-related oncology nursing research in Korea, identifying various nursing interventions, and assesing the effectiveness of the interventions, through analysis and synthesis of the accumulated research papers. One hundred and seventy-nine studies were selected for this study and these were mostly descriptive in design (69.2%). Of the 179 studies, 25 met the criteria for meta-analytic treatment. Twenty-five experimental studies were found in theses and dissertations (68%), 92% used convenience sample, and the median sample size was 40. Subjects were predominantly in treatment and rehabilitation (76%). Most studies(68%) were not derived from a theory base, with only 8% reporting use of a nursing theory. Results of the meta-analysis are as follows. The effect size of the nursing intervention type was found to be significantly effective. The standardized mean difference ranged from a high positive of 2.55 to a low negative of -0.22. Direct personal nursing intervention method was more effective than indirect group method. Two nursing intervention methods were more effective than one. The greatest effect size was thyxical intervention. The greatest mean effect size was scalp hypothermia technique. Teaching was a frequent intervention after 1990, although a wide range of treatments were studied. Effect size of intervention for symptom management was largest in relieving pain. Effective intervention method for relieving anxiety was exercise.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to assess the pain-relieving effect of iontophoretically applied prednisolone on the patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. 30 TMJ pain patients participated in this study. Inclusion criteria for subject selection were 1) tenderness of TMJ on palpation and 2) visual analog scales (VAS) of above 20 mm. The patients with polyarthralgia, rheumatic arthralgia, and systemic diseases were excluded for this experiment. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups; (1) Group 1 for administration of 2% prednisolone, (2) Group 2 for administration of 1% prednisolone, and (3) Group 3 for administration of saline. Phoresor PM600(Motion Control Utah, U.S.A) was used for administration of drugs by iontophoresis. Baseline and post-medication pain levels were recorded by VAS, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and palpation index (PI). Post-medication data were compared with baseline data for each group. The results were as follows : 1. All the groups showed significant decrease of VAS scores after treatment. 2. PPT was significantly increase only in Group 1 and 2 not in Group 3. 3. PI was significantly decreased only in Group 1 and 2 not in group 3.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2000

Purpose : Posterior Neck Pain and Back Pain are common diseases in human daily life. For reducting symptom and treatment of these diseases, many methods have been used and studied until now. The mechanisms of Ceragem Master Heat Bed(R)(Ceragem Co. Seoul, Korea) are infrared-heat therapy from natural nephrite and pressure therapy by up-down movement of natural nephrite ball. Through this study, authors would evaluate the clinical effectiveness of Ceragem Master Heat Bed(CMHB) on relieving posterior neck pain and back pain. Materials and methods : From 12-01-2000 to 01-13-2001, posterior neck pain and back pain patients were selected for experiment group(23patients) and control group(14patients). In both group, Visual Analog Scale(VAS) of pre-treatment stage is above 5 points. Experiment group were cared with acupuncture therapy, buhang therapy and CMHB. Control group were managed with only acupuncture therapy and buhang therapy. They were treated more than three times at least. At pre-treatment and post-treatment stage, we measured VAS for individual patients, and then compared effect of treatment in experiment group and in control group. Statistical analysis was preformed using SAS program. Results : In this study, a mean difference of VAS between pre-treatment and post-treatment stage was large in experiment(CMHB) group more than in control group(p〈0.01). Conclusion : Experiment(CMHB) group was more effective pain relief than control group in the treatment of posterior neck pain and back pain. CMHB was available for stimultaneous application of heat therapy and pressure massage together that gave another effects of mental stability and fatigue recovery. As the results of this study, CMHB could be used as a helpful treatment modality for posterior neck pain and back pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.91-100
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this study is to investigate Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Clematidis Radix (CR) herbal-acupuncture on the test rats with induced acute pain. Methods : The effects of Clematidis Radix (CR)-distillates were investigated in three types of models with three different pain. Highly purified distillate of CR called CR herbal-acupuncture was injected to Zusanli ($ST_{36}$) acupoint. In the tail flick test, the CR herbal-acupuncture treatment did not show a significant effect of relieving acute pain. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of CR herbal-acupuncture, the second testing model'pain was induced by injecting formalin to its planter. For the last model, carrageenan was injected into tarsal joint. the medicinal effect of CR herbal-acupuncture was evaluated through the behavioral analyses such as licking time, weight distribution ratio and ankle circumference. Results : In the formalin test, the analgesic effect of CR herbal-acupuncture was more pronounced in the late phase (for 20 min after the early phase) than in the early phase (for the first 10 min post formalin injection). It was proven by weight distribution ratio testing and ankle edema testing that herbal-acupuncture of CR inhibited arthritis caused by the carrageenan. Conclusions : These results revealed that CR herbal-acupuncture was effective to alleviate the inflammatory pain and could be used as an analgesic treatment with an anti-inflammatory effect.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.506-511
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of distraction by use of a cellular phone on pain and fear during venipuncture procedure for hospitalized preschool children. Method: Fifty four preschool children aged 3-6 were recruited from one university affiliated hospital in Daegu. Participants were assigned to the control(n=27) to receive usual care or intervention group(n=27) to receive distraction plus usual care. For the assessment of children's pain, FACE scale and mothers' perceptions of their own children's pain, visual analogue scale(VAS) were used. For the assessment of fear, Procedure Behavioral checklist developed by Lebaron and Zeltzer was used. Results: Results showed that intervention group demonstrated significantly less pain scores on FACE(t=2.19, p<.03) as rated by children and on VAS(t=2.78, p<.01) as rated by their mothers. Intervention group showed also significantly less fear scores(t=2.30, p<.02) as rated by the researcher. Conclusion: Distraction with cell phone for relieving pain and fear during venipuncture procedure was effective for the hospitalized preschool children.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.58-63
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• 2010

Objective: We present a case of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain with the aim of driving further study evaluating the effectiveness of Oriental medical treatment on patients with neuropathic pain. Method: We prescribed Bogijetong-tang (BJT) two times a day and performed acupuncture and moxibustion once a day over one month of hospitalization. Laboratory tests were performed twice a month during this period. To evaluate the therapeutic effect, Total Symptom Score (TSS) or Visual Analog Score (VAS) was examined at intervals of 7 days. Result: Laboratory data showed no abnormal signs compared with those of initial examination. The patient's subjective symptoms were rapidly relieved within one month. Also, the sums of TSS scores (upper limbs/lower limbs) decreased from 13.64/7.32 to 3.32/3.32 points, and VAS scores (upper limbs/lower limbs) improved from 19/10 to 6/8 points. Conclusion: This case presents a possibility that Oriental medical treatment may offer potential benefits (from an approach aimed at relieving of pain) for patients with chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.454-484
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• 1996

There are many factors to evoke pain, for example cold, heat, seven emotion, digestion, fatigue, venemous worms, deficiency of blood etc., and its pathogenesis is complicated. Treatments for pain in oriental medicine are as follows. 1. Pharmacotherapy is a method to treat pain by different effects of herbal medicine, for example, regulating vital energy, activating blood circulation, eliminating phlegm, and dispelling the cold evil etc. 2. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a kind of external application, it has a distinct effect in relieving pain. Recently its operation method has been more developed, so new acupuncture therapies are used in clinics. There are electroacupuncture, auricular acupuncture and injection of drugs at an acupuncture points etc. 3. Oriental physiotherapy is a treatment method to stimulate acupuncture points and meridians. (1) Hot pack, Paraffin bath, Microwave, Ultrasound, Short wave, Infra-red etc. are used to treat cold syndrome by dispersing cold by warming the channels. (2) E.S.T., I.C.T., T.E.N.S., S.S.P., cupping treatment etc. are used to treat disorders of vital energy. (3) Health ion, Carbon, T.D.P., etc are used to treat conic and deficiency syndrome.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.282-286
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• 1994

The central antihypertensive agent clonidine is an ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic agonist that possesses pain-relieving properties. It has been administered epidurally in the treatment of cancer pain and for postoperative analgesia. 1) Case 1, 62-year-old woman who suffered from neurogenic pain syndrome due to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of spinal canal was treated. 2) Case 2, 51-year-old woman undergoing lower abdominal surgery, epidurally administered morphine did not produced postoperative analgesia. In these cases, continuous epidural administeration of clonidine (200ug/day) and 0.3% bupivacaine(12 ml/day) produce high quality pain relief. These results suggest that antinociceptive effect of epidural clonidine is assumed to result from activation of ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptors in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2019

Objectives: Paclitaxel (PTX) as an anticancer drug used against solid cancers, possesses adverse reactions such as neuropathic pain which has confined its use. PTX-induced neuropathic pain is mediated via activation of oxidative stress. Berberine (BER), an isoquinoline phytochemical found in several plants, exerts strong antioxidant and painkilling properties. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate pain-relieving effect of BER in a mouse model of PTX-induced neuropathic pain. Methods: This study was done using 42 male albino mice that were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 7) as follow: Sham-operated (not treated with PTX), negative control group (PTX-treated mice receiving normal saline), BER 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (PTX-treated mice receiving BER) and positive control group (PTX-treated mice receiving imipramine 10 mg/kg). Neuropathic pain was induced by intraperitoneal administration of four doses of PTX (2 mg/kg/day) on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Then, on day 7, hot plate test was done to assess latency to heat to measure possible anti-neuropathic pain effect of BER. Results: Four doses of PTX 2 mg/kg/day induced neuropathy that was reduced by BER at all time-points (i.e. 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) after injection (P < 0.001 in comparison to control). The statistical analysis of data showed significant differences between groups (P < 0.001 in comparison to negative control), at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after injection of BER 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg; in other words, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after BER administration, neuropathic pain was significantly reduced as compared to normal saline-treated mice. Conclusion: Altogether, our results showed that PTX could induce neuropathic pain as reflected by hyperalgesia and BER could alleviate PTX-induced thermal hyperalgesia.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a preference music therapy on anxiety and pain of cystoscopy. Methods: This study was performed using the quasi-experimental study design with non-equivalent control group pre-test and post-test. Total of 76 adult clients admitted to a tertiary hospital located in Daegu, South Korea were selected by convenience sampling 19 in the control and 57 in the experimental group. The data were analyzed by $x^2$, t-test, paired t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS 17.0. Results: Implementing a preference music therapy was found to be effective in reducing anxiety level before cystoscopy in the present study. However, there were no significant effects of this preference music therapy in reducing pain and anxiety during cystoscopy. In addition, there were no significant effects of a preference music therapy on the patients' satisfaction of the anxiety, discomfort, and pain relieving. Conclusion: The findings support that implementing a preference music therapy may reduce anxiety before the cyctoscopy procedure. Therefore, it can be suggested that a preference music therapy needs to be consider-ed as a regular nursing intervention to reduce patient anxiety level before cystoscopy.