• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2004

농업기상정보에 대한 수요는 흥미로운 내용보다는 농업현장에서 사용자가 직접 활용할 수 있는 내용이 점증하고 있다. 이러한 수요에 부응하기 위해서는 지역 또는 집단 별로 소속 농민을 위한 지역특성이 반영된 기후/기상 정보를 개발, 제공하여야 한다. 그리고 최종 사용자가 공식 기상기구에 의해 발표된 기상/기후 예보를 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있는 도구가 제공되어야 한다. 특히 기본이 되는 근간자료를 포함하여 실시간 기상정보도 농민에게 함께 제공되어야 한다. 따라서 이상적인 농업기상정보시스템은 다음과 같은 요소를 포함하여야 한다. 1) 효율적인 자료 관측과 수집 체계, 2) 최신 통신시스템, 3) 표준 자료관리, 가공 및 분석 시스템, 및 4) 첨단 기술정보 배분시스템 등. 향후 인터넷이 농업기상정보 전달과 배분에 있어서 지속적으로 중요한 역할을 수행하겠지만 정보 풍요국과 빈곤국간의 격차는 날로 심화되어 갈 것이다. 그리고 농촌지역은 정보통로의 가장 끝자락을 의미하는데, 앞으로 많은 나라에서 정보통신 수단으로 TV, 라디오, 전화, 신문 및 팩스 등에 의존할 것으로 보이며, 정보와 배분 수단 확충에 필요한 가용 인적 및 경제적 자원에 따라 국가 간에 그 달성 여하에 차이가 있을 것이다. 이러한 차이점들은 농업기상 정보배분시스템 구축설계시에 반드시 고려되어야 한다. 과거 경험에 따르면, 사용자 요구에 적극 부응하는 정보들에 대한 손쉬운 접근을 통해서 기후정보의 활용이 근원적으로 증대한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 지리정보시스템과 원격탐사정보의 농업기상분야 적용도 향후 그 전망이 매우 밝은 분야라고 생각된다. 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 유방병소를 수술전에 위치결정하는 방법은 그 수기가 간단하고도 안전하며 병소를 정확히 지시해 줌으로써 수술적 생검에 큰 도움을 주었고 그럼으로써 정상유방조직의 절제를 최소화하여 수술 후에 오는 유방의 외형상 변형을 최소화할 수 있었다. The blood pressure was dropped to 80/60 mmHg, but pulse rate was normal. She did not complain of dyspnea, and cyanosis was not developed. The urine volume was normally maintained. She was treated for pulmonary edema, which was completely absorbed after 20 hours. And the blood pressure was also normalized. We has experienced a case of pulmonary edema developed after intraarterial injection of the iodinated contrast medium without underlying cardiac, renal and hepatic problems, and reviewed the literatures on mechani 는 of pulmonary edema caused by intravascular injection of the iodinated contrast materials.석

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2009

본 시험은 질소시비 수준과 재생기간이 툴페스큐와 버뮤다그라스의 지방산 조성과 버뮤다 그라스의 사초생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 국립축산과학원 제주출장소 시험포장에서 2006년 6월부터 2007년 12월까지 수행되었다. 톨페스큐의 식물체내 지방산 조성은 팔미틱산(C16:0), 리놀산(C18:2)과 리놀렌산(C18:3)이 총지방산의 87(N-0), 88(N-50), 88(N-100)%를 차지하였으며 질소시비수준에 따라 뚜렷한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 재생기간이 길어질수록 리놀렌산(C18:3)은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 리놀산(C18:2)은 다른 지방산과 달리 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 버뮤다그라스의 질소 시비수준에 따른 지방산 조성은 팔미틱산(C16:0)이 톨페스큐보다 높게 나타났으며 리놀산(C18:2)과 리놀렌산(C18:3)은 톨페스큐보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 재생기간이 길어짐에 따라 리놀산(C18:2)과 리놀렌산(C18:3)은 톨페스큐와 달리 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 버뮤다그라스는 질소시비수준이 높고 재생기간이 증가할수록 건물수량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 질소시비수준이 높을수록 조단백질함량은 증가하였으며 재생기간이 길어질수록 사료가치는 감소하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 질소 시비수준에 따른 톨페스큐와 버뮤다그라스의 지방산 함량은 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 수확 후 재생기간에 따른 변화는 뚜렷하게 나타남으로서 초지를 활용한 CLA 증진축산물을 생산시 가급적 수확 후 재생기간이 짧은 어린 목초를 이용할 수 있는 초종별 적정 예취시기와 방목전략을 세워야 할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 향후 각 초종별 계절 및 생육단계가 목초 내 지방산 함량에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권
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• pp.63-94
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• 2002

On the purpose to suggest an advanced scheme in assessing the domestic wheat quality, this paper reviewed the inspection systems of wheat in major wheat producing countries as well as the quality criteria which are being used in wheat grading and classification. Most wheat producing countries are adopting both classifications of class and grade to provide an objective evaluation and an official certification to their wheat. There are two main purposes in the wheat classification. The first objectives of classification is to match the wheat with market requirements to maximize market opportunities and returns to growers. The second is to ensure that payments to glowers aye made on the basis of the quality and condition of the grain delivered. Wheat classes has been assigned based on the combination of cultivation area, seed-coat color, kernel and varietal characteristics that are distinctive. Most reputable wheat marketers also employ a similar approach, whereby varieties of a particular type are grouped together, designed by seed coat colour, grain hardness, physical dough properties, and sometimes more precise specification such as starch quality, all of which are genetically inherited characteristics. This classification in simplistic terms is the categorization of a wheat variety into a commercial type or style of wheat that is recognizable for its end use capabilities. All varieties registered in a class are required to have a similar end-use performance that the shipment be consistent in processing quality, cargo to cargo and year to year, Grain inspectors have historically determined wheat classes according to visual kernel characteristics associated with traditional wheat varieties. As well, any new wheat variety must not conflict with the visual distinguishability rule that is used to separate wheats of different classes. Some varieties may possess characteristics of two or more classes. Therefore, knowledge of distinct varietal characteristics is necessary in making class determinations. The grading system sets maximum tolerance levels for a range of characteristics that ensure functionality and freedom from deleterious factors. Tests for the grading of wheat include such factors as plumpness, soundness, cleanliness, purity of type and general condition. Plumpness is measured by test weight. Soundness is indicated by the absence or presence of musty, sour or commercially objectionable foreign odors and by the percentage of damaged kernels that ave present in the wheat. Cleanliness is measured by determining the presence of foreign material after dockage has been removed. Purity of class is measured by classification of wheats in the test sample and by limitation for admixtures of different classes of wheat. Moisture does not influence the numerical grade. However, it is determined on all shipments and reported on the official certificate. U.S. wheat is divided into eight classes based on color, kernel Hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes are Durum, Hard Red Spring, Hard Red Winter, Soft Red Winter, Hard White, soft White, Unclassed and Mixed. Among them, Hard Red Spring wheat, Durum wheat, and Soft White wheat are further divided into three subclasses, respectively. Each class or subclass is divided into five U.S. numerical grades and U.S. Sample grade. Special grades are provided to emphasize special qualities or conditions affecting the value of wheat and are added to and made a part of the grade designation. Canadian wheat is also divided into fourteen classes based on cultivation area, color, kernel hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes have 2-5 numerical grades, a feed grade and sample grades depending on class and grading tolerance. The Canadian grading system is based mainly on visual evaluation, and it works based on the kernel visual distinguishability concept. The Australian wheat is classified based on geographical and quality differentiation. The wheat grown in Australia is predominantly white grained. There are commonly up to 20 different segregations of wheat in a given season. Each variety grown is assigned a category and a growing areas. The state governments in Australia, in cooperation with the Australian Wheat Board(AWB), issue receival standards and dockage schedules annually that list grade specifications and tolerances for Australian wheat. AWB is managing "Golden Rewards" which is designed to provide pricing accuracy and market signals for Australia's grain growers. Continuous payment scales for protein content from 6 to 16% and screenings levels from 0 to 10% based on varietal classification are presented by the Golden Rewards, and the active payment scales and prices can change with market movements.movements.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2008

본 연구는 감염 방지 교육경험 여부에 따른 감염방지에 대한 실천정도를 파악하여 치과위생사가 감염예방을 실천하는데 기초 자료로 제공하고자 한다. 연구 대상은 2008년 4월에 서울시회 보수교육에 참여하고, 2008년 6월 16일부터 7월 5일까지 인천 경기지역 근무한 치과위생사로 하였으며, 총 191부를 사용하였다. 분석방법으로는 SPSS WIN 12.0을 이용하여 빈도분석(Frequency)과 통계적 유의성을 검정하기 위하여 교차분석(${\chi}^2$)를 실시하였으며, 분석에 적용한 유의수준은 p < .05이었다. 1. 근무처에 따른 진료 전 손 세척, Gloves, Mask, Uniform, Apron 실천정도에서 장갑 착 용과 Mask 착용, 1회용 apron 사용여부, apron교환 시기는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 2. 근무경력에 따른 진료 전 손세척, Gloves, Mask, Uniform, Apron 실천정도에서 Apron교환 시기는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 감염방지에 따른 교육경험 91.6%(175명)가 교육을 받았으며, 8.4%(16명)만 교육을 받지 않았다. 교육경로는 학교교육을 통해서 70.7%(137명) 교육을 받았으며, 근무한 병원 35.6%(68명), 보수교육을 통해서 27.2%(52명), 기타 7.3%(14명)순이었다. 4. 손 세척 실천정도에서 교육경험이 있는 응답자 중에 진료 전에 손 세척이 68.6%(120 명), 진료 후에 손세척은 87.4%(53명)로 나타났다. 5. Gloves, Mask, Uniform, Apron 실천정도에서 교육경험이 있는 응답자는 기본 진료 시 gloves의 50.3%(88명)가 필요할 때만 착용하고 있었으며, 사용 횟수는 89.1%(156 명)가 1회 사용 후 폐기한 것으로 나타났다. Mask는 교육경험이 있는 응답자는 77.1%(135명) 매 환자 볼 때마다 착용한 것으로 나타났으며, Mask 교환시기는 교육 경험이 있을 때 40.0%(70명), 교육경험이 없을 때 37.5%(6명)로 나타나 교육경험 유무와 Mask 착용이나 교환 시기는 유의한 차이는 없었다(p > .05).

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2017

현재 미국, 호주, 북유럽 등지의 해외 조경실무에서 BIM의 필요성에 대한 자각과 함께 전문적 연구가 수행되고 있으며, 관련 단체에서도 조직적 활동을 펼침으로써 BIM을 활용한 조경 프로젝트들이 증가하는 추세다. 그러나 아직 국내 조경분야에서는 BIM 도입이 이루어지지 않고 있으므로, 본 연구에서는 BIM을 활용한 조경 프로젝트 사례를 조사, 분석하여 BIM 도입에 따른 효과와 활용방법을 논하고자 했다. 이를 위해 세 가지 BIM 도입효과인 설계업무의 효율성 향상, 협업 환경의 마련, 지형설계의 형태 구현을 보여주는 조경 프로젝트들을 선정하고, 이들을 대상으로 조경정보 구축, 3D 모델링 제작, 상호운용성 확보, BIM 모델의 시각적 활용이라는 네 가지 측면에서 BIM의 활용방법을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 조경정보 구축의 측면에서 사례들을 살펴본 결과, 시설물과 수목 등 상세한 조경요소들로부터 기반시설 등 광범위한 건설정보들이 3D 라이브러리나 2D CAD 형식으로 구축되었다. 둘째, 3D 모델링 제작을 살펴보면 간단한 지형과 수목을 포함한 조경공간을 Revit으로 모델링하거나, 정교하고 복잡한 지형을 Maya와 같은 전문적 3D 모델링 도구로 모델링했다. 그리고 통합모델은 분야별 모델을 제작하여 주기적으로 교환, 검토하고, 최종적으로 이들을 통합하는 방식으로 제작되었다. 셋째, 분야간 데이터의 상호운용성은 파일 포맷의 단일화, 상이한 포맷의 변환, 또는 정보 표준의 준수를 통해 이루어졌고, 이를 토대로 건설정보를 공유하여 협업을 도모했다. 넷째, 3D 모델을 시각화함으로써 참여자들간의 의견조율, 설계안의 인허가, 대중 홍보가 이루어졌다. 사례분석을 통해 BIM은 디자인 도구라기보다 설계업무의 효율성을 높이고, 분야간 협업을 도모하는 프로세스임을 알 수 있었고, 특히 조경가들이 BIM을 활용한 통합 프로젝트에서 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있음을 확인했다. 따라서 그간 건설분야에서 BIM으로의 전환을 통해 많은 이익과 기회를 누렸듯이 조경분야에서도 적극적으로 BIM을 도입해야 할 것이다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.84-110
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• 1993

This study aims at identifying the recent change in marriage behaviors in Korea. The data used here is the vital statistics compiled from the vital registration system of which registration form is put on one from together with the civil registration form. According to the results of this analysis, since 1970 the number of marriages has steadily increased from about 300, 000 in the former of 1970s to about 400, 000 in the latter of 1980s, appproximately coincided with the change in population size at the marriageable age span. The few exceptions that can be seen in the 1970s seem to result from the impact of social upheavals during 1950s; since the birth cohorts affected by the low fertility during the Korean war and the post-war baby-boom generations chracterized by the high fertility entered the marriage market in the 1970s. However, the marriage rate shows a little increase from around 7 in the former of 1970s to around 9 in the latter of 1980s, indicating that the marriage prevalence has been more or less inconsiderably changed during this period. It is also found that the proportion of remarriage to the total marriages has increased to around 10 per cent in 1989, while decreasing that of first marriage. This fact can be attributable to the higher prevalence of divorces and the collapsing of the Confucianism ethic which contributed to expediting the remarriage of widows. Although this proportion is insignificant compared with that of the of more developed countries, it is not difficult to say that the proportion of remarriages will continue to increase in future. The age first at first marriage(AFM) which directly affects the span exposed to the risks pregnancy has increased to the age about 28 for male and about 25 for female in recent years. However, big difference in AFM between urban and rural areas has narrowed, resultant from the increasing involuntary postponement of marriage of rural young population who have met difficulties in seeking their bride or bridegroom in rural areas characterized by the heavy out-migration of young, particularly female, population. The present study shows the reverse relationship between AFM and educational attainment; i.e, the higher the educational attainment the lower the AFM. The conditions which are taken into considerations were the class and the family in the past time but which are, educational attainment, job and personal characteristics. With regard to the age condition, in recent years the male prefers the female younger than himself on the average by 3 years and vice versa, which is reduced form 4-5 years in beginning of 1970s. The age difference bride and bridegroom tends to decrease with the educational attainment increase. This may be attributable to the fact that the persons with the higher educational attainment prefer the love marriage and hence are more likely to choose their counterparts in the about same age. The education condition is characterized by the bridegroom having the higher educational level than bride. It is also significant to note that the proportion of love marriage has increased, whereas that of traditional arranged marriage has decreased. This is true in the urban areas than the rural areas, indicating that rights as well as responsibilities for marriage have been handed over the young population from their parents. In conclusion, the change in the marriage behaviors in Korea are characterized by increasing tendency for the postponement of first marriage, higher prevalences of divorces and a result remarriages, increase of love marriages, narrowing age difference between bride and bridegroom, etc. which are the main results of rapid industrization, increase in educational and economic activity opportunities and change in the ideals of marriages during the past decades. These phenomena prevailing in Korean society would affect not only the family structure that will become less proliferiated but the population size and structure. The most important is that the changes in marriage behaviors of Koreans and their impact on the society with respect to norms, values, morals, of individual and family in the social aspect, change in population size and structure in the demograpic aspects, and economic development in the economic aspects should be integrated into the plannings towards to the future.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제3권
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• pp.287-316
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• 1999

Cyberspace permits us to more beyond traditional face-to-face, mail and telephone surveys, yet still to examine basic issues regarding the quality of data collection: sampling, questionnaire design, survey distribution, means of response, and database creation. This article address each of these issues by contrasting and comparing traditional survey methods(Paper-and-Pencil) with Internet or Personal Computer networks-mediated (Screen-and-Keyboard) survey methods also introduces researchers to this revolutionary and innovative tool and outlines a variety of practical methods for using the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. The revolution in telecommunications technology has fostered the rapid growth of the Internet all over the world. The Internet is a massive global network and comprising many national and international networks of interconnected computers. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks could be the comprehensive interactive tool that will facilitate the development of the skills. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks provides a virtual frontier to expand our access to information and to increase our knowledge and understanding of public opinion, political behavior, social trends and lifestyles through survey research. Comparable to other technological advancements, the Internet or Personal Computer Networks presents opportunities that will impact significantly on the process and quality of survey research now and in the twenty-first century. There are trade-offs between traditional and the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks is an important channel for obtaining information for target participants. The cost savings in time, efforts, and material were substantial. The use of the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey tool will increase the quality of research environment. There are several limitations to the Internet or Personal Computer Network survey approach. It requires the researcher to be familiar with Internet navigation and E-mail, it is essential for this process. The use of Listserv and Newsgroup result in a biased sample of the population of corporate trainers. However, it is this group that participates in technology and is in the fore front of shaping the new organizations of interest, and therefore it consists of appropriate participants. If this survey method becomes popular and is too frequently used, potential respondents may become as annoyed with E-mail as the sometimes are with mail survey and junk mail. Being a member of the Listserv of Newsgroup may moderate that reaction. There is a need to determine efficient, effective ways for the researcher to strip identifiers from E-mail, so that respondents remain anonymous, while simultaneously blocking a respondent from responding to a particular survey instrument more than once. The optimum process would be on that is initiated by the researcher : simple, fast and inexpensive to administer and has credibility with respondents. This would protect the legitimacy of the sample and anonymity. Creating attractive Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey formats that build on the strengths of standardized structures but also capitalize on the dynamic and interactive capability of the medium. Without such innovations in survey design, it is difficult to imagine why potential survey respondents would use their time to answer questions. More must be done to create diverse and exciting ways of building an credibility between respondents and researchers on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. We believe that the future of much exciting research is based in the Electronic survey research. The ability to communicate across distance, time, and national boundaries offers great possibilities for studying the ways in which technology and technological discourse are shaped. used, and disseminated ; the many recent doctoral dissertations that treat some aspect of electronic survey research testify to the increase focus on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. Thus, scholars should begin a serious conversation about the methodological issues of conducting research In cyberspace. Of all the disciplines, Internet or Personal Computer Networks, emphasis on the relationship between technology and human communication, should take the lead in considering research in the cyberspace.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2015

이 연구는 치과위생사의 치과업무영역에 있어서의 업무와 관련된 분쟁에 대한 경험과 관련교육의 요구도를 분석하여 의료분쟁 예방을 위한 효과적인 교육 프로그램 개발의 자료를 제공하기 위하여 부산 경남 소재 대학병원, 치과병원 및 치과의원에 근무하는 치과위생사 212명을 대상으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 전체 대상자중 59.4%가 환자의 불평, 불만 및 의료분쟁을 경험하였고 이중 24%는 법적인 문제로 진행을 경험하였고, 95.3%가 향후 의료분쟁이 발생할지도 모른다는 불안감 또는 의구심을 어느 정도 가지고 있었다. 환자의 불평, 불만은 진료 이외의 문제제기가 24.3%으로 가장 많았고, 주의사항 지도 및 설명과 관련하여 문제제기가 14.4%, 인상채득과 관련되어 발생한 문제제기 13.5% 순으로 나타났다. 분쟁발생은 근무지형태별로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 분쟁의 법적 진행 여부는 근무지와 근무경력에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 분쟁경험에 따른 의료분쟁에 대한 부담감 정도는 경험이 있는 군에서 부담감을 더 느끼는 것으로 조사되었고 의료분쟁의 예방 및 대책에 관한 교육의 필요성에 대해서 100%가 필요하다고 답하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 치과위생사와 관련한 환자의 불평, 불만 및 분쟁도 상당한 부분을 차지하고 있으며 앞으로 더욱 증가할 수 있는 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 그러므로 주의의무, 설명 및 동의의무 등의 의무를 다함은 물론, 이에 대한 인식을 제고하여야 한다. 또한 진료기록부의 중요성을 인식하고, 이에 대한 기록 및 관리를 철저히 하여 의료분쟁의 예방 및 분쟁해결에 대비하여야 할 것이다. 치과위생사의 직무범위에 대한 의료관계법의 이해도 증진이 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 의료분쟁에 대한 예방 및 대책과 관련된 교육기회를 확대하여야 할 것이다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제52호
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• pp.73-91
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• 2017

본 연구는 각각의 정치 경제적 입장에 따라 적아가 수시로 변화하는 국제질서 속에서 첨단 장비를 사용하여 광범위한 피해를 유발시키는 뉴테러리즘을 사전에 억제하고, 테러발생시 효과적으로 대응하여 피해를 최소화시키고 우리나라의 실정에 맞는 테러 대응 위기관리 방안을 수립하기 위해서 전문가 집단을 통한 한국의 테러환경 진단과 테러 요인별 SWOT 분석을 실시하였다. 첫째, 한국의 테러 환경 내부적인 강점요인으로는 안정된 치안 상황, 종교 인종적 갈등요소의 미약, 총기에 대한 강력한 규제와 관리, 주요 국제행사를 개최하면서 축적한 대테러 역량과 노하우 등으로 나타났다. 둘째, 한국의 테러 환경에 대한 내부적인 약점요인을 살펴보면 국민의 테러 불감증, 북한과의 군사적 대치상황에 따른 불안요소, 인터넷과 IT기술 발달에 의한 테러통제와 관리의 어려움 등으로 나타났다. 셋째, 한국의 테러 환경에 대한 외부적인 기회요인을 살펴보면 외국의 테러 실패 사례를 통한 보완과 학습의 용이, 높아진 테러 이슈로 테러 예산 및 지원증가 용이, 동맹국가와의 군사적 협력을 통한 테러 대응 강화 등으로 나타났다. 넷째, 한국의 테러 환경에 대한 외부적인 위협요인은 탈북자와 외국인 노동자의 지속적인 유입에 따른 사회 불만계층의 증가, 미국과의 동맹으로 국제 테러 단체로부터 테러의 목표화, 해외경제 활동 증가에 따른 국제테러 발생 빈도 증가, IS등에 의한 전 세계를 대상으로 하는 테러범위의 확대 등으로 나타났다. 그리고 전문가 집단의 테러 환경에 대한 SWOT 심층면담을 실시하여 한국의 테러환경에 있어 문제점과 테러인식 및 법제에 대한 현황진단 및 분석을 실시하였다. 이와 같이 연구한 결과를 종합하여 우리나라의 실정에 맞는 테러 대응 위기관리 방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통합적인 테러대응 기구의 구축이다. 둘째, 테러 대응관련 전문 인력 확보와 양성이다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.65-81
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• 1980

This study is aimed at investigating the compensatory education which was already implemented or is being implemented in the U.S.A. and Japan; and at studying the types of programs and their characteristics; and at sounding out the possibilities of the application of such programs in family and social conditions is Korea. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, the established items for the study are as follows: (1) Various types of early children's education (2) Programs of compensatory education for the disadvantaged Children (3) Head Start Program, Early Training Project and Montessori School (4) Integrated Preschool Programs (5) Day-Care Center for employed mothers We investigated the various compensatory education programs for the preschool children who are in economically, socially, culturally disadvantaged conditions. Head Start Programs were federally supported programs for preschool children and opened as summer programs in 1965 for the first time. The purpose of Head Start has been to give preschool children the kinds of experiences they need in preparation for school. The Head Start children were found to be significantly better prepared for school than the normal children. However, after six to eight months, their initial advantages had virtually. disappeared and then the simple problem with Head Start and other such programs was that little long-term good could be evidenced unless the high quality educational environment was maintained. Therefore, to solve this problem, three other programs were funded as part of the overall Head Start. These three programs are the Parent-Child Center, Home Start, and the Child and Family Resources Program. The Early Training Project for disadvantaged children was implemented by Klaus and Gray of Peabody College in 1962. The program was a field research study concerned with the development and testing over time of procedures for improving the educability of young children from low income homes. Its major concern was to study whether it was possible to offset the progressive retardation observed in the public schooling careers of children, living in deprived circumstances. Children, who were trained through the Early Training Project were superior to control groups in the test of IQ and vocabulary as well as linguistic abilities, and preparation for reading. This project showed the possibilities which could prevent preschool children from being disadvantaged socially, culturally and mentally. In 1907, Montessori School was established by Maria Montessori in Italy and her school program has been introduced at present to several countries in the world as one compensatory educations. She first began her experimental methods with retarded children, followed by disadvantaged children from the tenements of Rome. The Montessori approach futures a prepared environment and carefully designed, self-correcting materials. The Montessori curriculum presents tastes that feature sequence, order, and regularity, in addition to those that develop motor and sensory skills. She was interested in children's intellectual development and in developing good work habits. One of the latest developed programs for disadvantaged children is "Integrated Preschool Program" which has successfully integrated handicapped and nonhandicapped children. Several studies have showed that handicapped children in integrated school environments are accepted by and interact with their nonhandicapped peers. In fact, this program provides a number of potential, and perhaps opportunities for nonhandicapped children to serve as valuable resources in fostering the development of their handicapped peers. Next we turn to Japanese programs which are divided into two different types. One is Day-Care Center which was established by Child Welfare Law and the other is kindergarten organized by School Education Law. The kindergarten opened in 1876 and it has been part of school systems since 1947 by the implementation of education law, and the Day-Care Center which started in 1890 for the employed mothers. was changed into Day-Nursery by the enactment of child welfare law in 1947. The laws and operational regulations for the Day-Nursery were set up and were put in effect by the establishment standard acts of children welfare facilities, and the Day-Nursery has been operated in various types by the increasing demand, chiefly because of the socio-economical changes of family structures in both urban and suburban areas. Nursery education for physically and mentally disadvantaged children is for those who are blind, deaf and dumb, mentally retarded; physically disadvantaged by accidents or diseases. Montessori education in Japan was started in 1968 and many research groups for studying Montessori were organized. In 1977, Montessori remedial education society was also organized in which they started a number of studies; a study for developing materials; in-service training for the remedial education; and seminars and lectures, etc It is strongly suggested that we study the early educations that are being implemented in Japan and a variety of compensatory educations that were already implemented in the U.S.A. and modify them for the organization of our own model and properly accommodate them to our social needs.