• 충청수학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.19-34
• /
• 2011

A bounded linear operator T on a complex Banach space X is said to have property (I) provided that T has Bishop's property (${\beta}$) and there exists an integer p > 0 such that for a closed subset F of ${\mathbb{C}}$ ${X_T}(F)={E_T}(F)=\bigcap_{{\lambda}{\in}{\mathbb{C}}{\backslash}F}(T-{\lambda})^PX$ for all closed sets $F{\subseteq}{\mathbb{C}}$, where $X_T$(F) denote the analytic spectral subspace and $E_T$(F) denote the algebraic spectral subspace of T. Easy examples are provided by normal operators and hyponormal operators in Hilbert spaces, and more generally, generalized scalar operators and subscalar operators in Banach spaces. In this paper, we prove that if T has property (I), then the quasi-nilpotent part $H_0$(T) of T is given by $$KerT^P=\{x{\in}X:r_T(x)=0\}={\bigcap_{{\lambda}{\neq}0}(T-{\lambda})^PX$$ for all sufficiently large integers p, where ${r_T(x)}=lim\;sup_{n{\rightarrow}{\infty}}{\parallel}T^nx{\parallel}^{\frac{1}{n}}$. We also prove that if T has property (I) and the spectrum ${\sigma}$(T) is finite, then T is algebraic. Finally, we prove that if $T{\in}L$(X) has property (I) and has decomposition property (${\delta}$) then T has a non-trivial invariant closed linear subspace.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.8-15
• /
• 2018

플랜트 내 위험지역의 안전을 위해 작업자 중심의 안전관리가 필요하다. 최근 5년간 가스 사고의 원인은 시설 노후 및 장비고장 뿐만 아니라, 사용자의 취급부주의나 고의사고, 공급자 취급부주의 등 작업자의 행동에 밀접한 관련이 있다. 이와 같은 사고를 미연에 방지하기 위해서, 플랜트 내 위험지역에 대한 실시간 모니터링이 필요로 하다. 하지만 실시간 모니터링을 위해서 작업(근로)공간에 카메라 설치 시, 인권침해와 같은 문제가 발생한다. 이를 방지하기 위해서 작업자의 신원 노출이 적은 저해상도의 Infrared 카메라를 이용한다. 또한 실시간 모니터링 시, 사람이 아닌 CNN알고리즘을 이용하여 이미지 분석을 통하여 인권침해 문제를 예방한다.

• 대한수학회논문집
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.367-379
• /
• 2009

For a prime number p, let $\mathbb{Q}_p$ denote the p-adic field and let $\mathbb{Q}_p^d$ denote a vector space over $\mathbb{Q}_p$ which consists of all d-tuples of $\mathbb{Q}_p$. For a function f ${\in}L_{loc}^1(\mathbb{Q}_p^d)$, we define the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function of f on $\mathbb{Q}_p^d$ by $$M_pf(x)=sup\frac{1}{\gamma{\in}\mathbb{Z}|B_{\gamma}(x)|H}{\int}_{B\gamma(x)}|f(y)|dy$$, where |E|$_H$ denotes the Haar measure of a measurable subset E of $\mathbb{Q}_p^d$ and $B_\gamma(x)$ denotes the p-adic ball with center x ${\in}\;\mathbb{Q}_p^d$ and radius $p^\gamma$. If 1 < q $\leq\;\infty$, then we prove that $M_p$ is a bounded operator of $L^q(\mathbb{Q}_p^d)$ into $L^q(\mathbb{Q}_p^d)$; moreover, $M_p$ is of weak type (1, 1) on $L^1(\mathbb{Q}_p^d)$, that is to say, |{$x{\in}\mathbb{Q}_p^d:|M_pf(x)|$>$\lambda$}|$_H{\leq}\frac{p^d}{\lambda}||f||_{L^1(\mathbb{Q}_p^d)},\;\lambda$ > 0 for any f ${\in}L^1(\mathbb{Q}_p^d)$.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.685-696
• /
• 2011

An efficient laparoscope manipulator robot was designed to automatically control the position of laparoscope via a passive joint on end-effector position. The end position of the manipulator is controlled to have corresponding velocity defined in the global coordinate space using laparoscopic visual information. Desired spatial position of laparoscope was derived from detected positions of surgical instrument tips, then the clinical viewing plane was moved by visual servoing task. The laparoscope manipulator is advantageous for automatically maintaining clinically important views in the laparoscopic image without any additional operator. A laparoscope is mounted to a holder which is linked to four degree of freedom manipulator via universal joint-type passive rings connection. No change in the design of laparoscope or manipulator is necessary for its application to surgery assistant robot system. Expanded working space and surgical efficiency were accomplished by implementing slant linking structure between laparoscope and manipulator. To ensure reliable positioning accuracy and controllability, the motion of laparoscope in an abdominal space through trocar was inspected using geometrical analysis. A designed laparoscope manipulating robot system can be easily set up and controlled in an operation room since it has a few subsidiary devices such as a laparoscope light source regulator, a control PC, and a power supply.

• 대한수학회보
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.603-611
• /
• 1996

Let consider the following problem: find an element u(t) in a Banach space U from the equation $$ x'(t) = Ax(t) + f(t,x(t)) + \Phi_0 u(t), 0 \leq t \leq T $$ with initial and terminal conditions $$ x(0) = 0, x(T) = \phi $$ in a Banach space X where $\phi \in D(A)$. This problem is a kind of control engineering inverse problem and contains nonlinear term, so that it is difficult and interesting. Thee proof main result in this paper is based on the Fredholm property of [1] in section 3. Similar considerations of linear system have been dealt with in many references. Among these literatures, Suzuki[5] introduced this problem for heat equation with unknown spatially-varing conductivity. Nakagiri and Yamamoto[2] considered the identifiability problem, which A is a unknown operator to be identified, where the system is described by a linear retarded functional differential equation. We can also apply to determining the magnitude of the control set for approximate controllability if X is a reflexive space, i.e., we can consider whether a dense subset of X is covered by reachable set in section 4.

• 대한수학회논문집
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.649-668
• /
• 2000

In this paper we prove the following : Let M be a real (2n-1)-dimensional compact minimal semi-invariant submanifold in a complex projective space P(sub)n+1C. If the scalar curvature $\geq$2(n-1)(2n+1), then m is a homogeneous type $A_1$ or $A_2$. Next suppose that the third fundamental form n satisfies dn = 2$\theta\omega$ for a certain scalar $\theta$$\neq$c/2 and $\theta$$\neq$c/4 (4n-1)/(2n-1), where $\omega$(X,Y) = g(X,øY) for any vectors X and Y on a semi-invariant submanifold of codimension 3 in a complex space form M(sub)n+1 (c). Then we prove that M has constant principal curvatures corresponding the shape operator in the direction of the distingusihed normal and the structure vector ξ is an eigenvector of A if and only if M is locally congruent to a homogeneous minimal real hypersurface of M(sub)n (c).

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.127-145
• /
• 2011

European Union unilaterally included the emissions from aviation activities into EU ETS on 19 November 2008 by amending Directive 2003/87/EC. According to the Directive all the emissions(mainly against the CO2) from aviation activities shall be subject to the regulation of EU ETS from 2012. For the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, the total quantity of allowances to be allocated to aircraft operators shall be equivalent to 97% of the historical aviation emission s. From 1 January 2013, the allowances will be reduced to 95%. The allocation of allowances which may be applied by each operator with free of charge will be reduced from 85% to 82% from 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2013. Since the Directive will affect every country's airline industry more or less, the nations and international organizations respond variously. The controversial focus is that whether EU has the right to unilaterally include the emissions from international aviation activities into EU ETS. This article firstly analyzes the effect caused by EU ETS to China's airline industry, and then studies the legality of the action of EU subject to current positive international law, and finally draws the conclusion that EU enjoys no such right to unilaterally include the emissions from international aviation activities.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제6권5호
• /
• pp.697-705
• /
• 2011

In this paper, a closed-loop system constructed with a linear plant and nonlinearity in the feedback connection is considered to argue against its planar orbital stability. Through a state space approach, a main result that presents a sufficient stability criterion of the limit cycle predicted by solving the harmonic balance equation is given. Preliminarily, the harmonic balance of the nonlinear feedback loop is assumed to have a solution that determines the characteristics of the limit cycle. Using a state-space approach, the nonlinear loop equation is reformulated into a linear perturbed model through the introduction of a residual operator. By considering a series of transformations, such as a modified eigenstructure decomposition, periodic averaging, change of variables, and coordinate transformation, the stability of the limit cycle can be simply tested via a scalar function and matrix. Finally, the stability criterion is addressed by constructing a composite Lyapunov function of the transformed system.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.125-157
• /
• 2019

무인비행장치에 대한 수요와 그 활용은 급진적으로 증가하고 있으며, 기술은 기존의 법제가 따라가 힘들만큼 빠르게 발전하고 있다. 현행 "항공안전법" 및 같은 법 시행령과 시행규칙에서는 12kg이하의 비사업용 소형무인비행장치에 관하여 신고 및 조종자격증명에서 제외하고 있다. 국토교통부에서 2016년 조종자격증명에 관하여, 2018년에는 자격증명제도와 더불어 소형무인비행장치 세분화에 관하여 논의된 바 있지만 현실적으로는 아직 도입되지 않았다. 무인비행장치로 인한 손해는 운용자뿐만 아니라, 아무런 이해관계가 없는 지상의 제3자에게 전도될 것은 자명한 일이며, 이러한 무인비행장치에 관한 책임강제보험에 관한 논의도 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 가장 먼저 선행되어야 할 것은 해당 무인비행장치로 인하여 발생한 손해를 누가 책임질 것이냐이다. 즉, 행위자(운용자)가 식별되지 않는 한 책임귀속제도 및 체계가 마련된다고 해도 손해배상에 관한 책임을 부담할 자를 확정할 수 없어 손해 발생 시 책임부담의 어려움은 피할 수 없을 것이다. 해외의 법제 사례를 살펴보아도 대부분의 국가에서는 이미 200g 또는 250g의 소형 무인비행장치의 등록 및 식별표시의무를 강제하고 있으며, 이에 대한 근거로 해당 소형무인비행장치가 지상으로 추락할 경우에 피해의 우려가 충분하기 때문이라고 밝히고 있다. 이에 따라 국내에서도 조속히 비사업용 소형무인비행장치의 세분화와 더불어 신고 및 식별표시의무에 관한 규정이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
• /
• 제1권4호
• /
• pp.541-550
• /
• 1994

True Color 영상은 전송 및 저장에 많은 데이터 량이 필요하지만, 적은 데이터를 가지고 컬러 모니터에 나타낼 때 인간 시각에 별무리없이 나타내고자 한다. 본 논문 에서는 RGB, YIQ/YUV 공간에서 256개의 컬러맵 생성 방법과 서로 다른 컬러맵을 한 화면에 동시에 표시하면 원 컬러 영상과 다르게 나타나므로 컬러맵간을 결합하여 공 통되는 컬러맵 표현 방법을 제시한다. RGB, YIQ/YUV 공간상에서 처리된 결과를 비교하 기 위해 PSNR, 표준편차, Sobel연산자를 이용한 에지보존율로서 측정하였다. 처리시간 은 새로운 컬러맵 생성은 3초, 컬러맵간의 결합은 2초 소요되었다. PSNR 값은 RGB 공 간이 YIQ 공간과 YUV 공간보다 평균적으로 0.15, 0.34［dB］ 정도 높고, 표준편차는 평균적으로 0.15, 0.41정도 낮았다. 그러나 데이타 압축 면에서 YIQ/YUV공간은 색상 부분에서 8비트중 4비트만을 사용하였기 때문에, RGB 공간보다 1/3정도 압축 효율을 나타낸다.