• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.242.2-242.2
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• 2001

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1332-1339
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to the distributive property of organic pollutants in effluents of domestic sewage treatment plants around Youngsan River using simultaneous analysis method of 310 chemicals. The numerous organic pollutants were detected in five sampling sites, and the major chemicals were pesticides, CH type chemicals such as benzenes and polycyclic compounds, ande CHO type chemicals such as phenols and phthalates. About 14 pesticides were detected in the effluent and most of them were found in summer. 1-Chlorobenzen and p-octylphenol were frequently detected in the concentration range of $0.52{\sim}0.61\;{\mu}g/L$ and $0.04{\sim}0.89\;{\mu}g/L$, respectively. Moreover, 18 kinds of endocrine disrupters include diethylphthalate were detected in effluents. From the results of this study, therefore, we confirmed that the pesticides, CH and CHO type chemicals in domestic effluents throughout Youngsan River are required specific regulation.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2001

Objective: To know the effects of xenoestrogen on spermatogenesis, we investigated the expression of cytochrome P450s enzymes (CYPscc, $CYP_{17{\alpha}}$, CYP19) and $3{\beta}$-HSD genes involved in steroidogenesis. Methods: Mouse testicular cells were prepared from 15-day-old ICR mice which had only pre-meiotic germ cells by enzyme digestion using collagenase and trypsin. Testicular cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with FSH (0.1 IU/ml) and 10% FBS or medium with estrogen ($E_2$), bisphenol-A (BPA), octylphenol (OP; $10^{-9},\;10^{-7},\;10^{-6},\;10^{-5},\;10^{-4}M$, respectively) and aroclor 1254 (A1254) known as PCBs for 48 hours. The gene expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes were examined by semi-quantitive RT-PCR. The production of estrogen and testosterone was examined by RIA. Results: As results, expression of CYPscc mRNA was not significantly decreased, but $3{\beta}$-HSD and $CYP_{17{\alpha}}$. mRNA were significantly dose-dependent decreased. And production of testosterone and estrogen were not different except BPA and OP group ($10^{-5}M$). Conclusion: BPA, OP and A1254 might inhibit steroidogenesis by decreasing CYPscc, $3{\beta}$-HSD and $CYP_{17{\alpha}}$. mRNA expression in the mouse testis. These results suggest that BPA, OP and PCBs like as an endocrine disruptors inhibit the productions of steroidogenic enzymes and decrease the production of T and E by negative feedback mechanism. Therefore, these might disrupt steroidogenesis in Leydig cells of testis and would disturb testicular function and subsequently impair spermatogenesis.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2017

An analytical method for determining potential endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, p-t-butylphenol, p-pentylphenol, p-hexylphenol, p-t-octylphenol, p-heptylphenol, nonylphenol) by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and High Perfomance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) equipped with fluorescence and variable wavelength detector has been developed. The SPE process for sample concentration was performed on a commercially available Oasis HLB cartridge packed with polymeric sorbents. The effect of elution solvent and elution volume on the recoveries of the analytes were investigated with HPLC. Average recovery of >85% was achieved with 60mg sorbents using 5mL of methanol as elution solvent. Phenolic compounds in canned drinks, beverages and water samples were surveyed by this proposed method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2002

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

Toxicity tests were performed to evaluate the feasibility of application with prediction models to 10 mixture chemicals (chloroneb, butylbenzylphthalate, pendimethaline, di-n-butylphthalate, di-iso-butylphthalate, diazinon, isofenphos, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and p-octylphenol) detected in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Ten chemicals were selected in the basis of their toxicities to Daphnia magna and the concentrations in effluents measured by GC/MS. Three models including concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA) and effect summation (ES) were employed for the comparison of the predicted and the observed mortality of D. magna exposed to 10 mixture chemicals for 48 hours. With a comparative study it was ineffective to predict the mortality through the CA and the ES prediction model, while the IA prediction model showed a high correlation($r^2\;=\;0.85$). Moreover, the ES model over-estimated the toxicity observed by bioassay experiments about five-fold. Consequently, IA model is a reasonable tool to predict the mixture toxicity of the discharging water from WWTPs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.71-77
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• 2004

Alkylphenols (8), chlorophenols (2), bisphenol A, eoprostanols (2) and cholesterol compounds were analyzed in the surface water and surface sediment taken from Gwangyang Bay and surrounding streams in 2001. Among the target analytes, nonylphenol and dihydrocholesteyol compounds were detected with high concentration and high frequency. t-Octylphenol, bisphenol A and coprostanols were detected only in some sediment samples from the stream. The highest concentration of nonylphenol was determined in stream sample, and concentrations of nonylphenol in the inner part of Gwangyang Bay were higher than those in the out part. Nonylphenol concentrations in the surface seawater and surface sediment samples ranged from 4.0 to 74.0 ng l$\^$-1/ and from 3.1 to 74.3 ng g$\^$-1/ dry wt., respectively. Partition coefficient (LogK$\_$oc/) of nonylphenol between sediment and water was 4.8. Nonylphenol nnd dihydrocholesteol concentrations in the stream surface sediment samples ranged from 4.6 to 808.6 and from 78.4 to 1133.6 ng g$\^$-1/ dry wt., respectively. Relatively high concentrations of nonylphenol were found in the stream samples which aye flowing through industrial complex area, while dihydrocholesterol concentration was relatively high in the stream samples which are flowing through only municipal area. Seaward decreasing tyend in nonylphenol concentration was observed from the Seomjin River estuary to the Gwanyang Bay. Such trend was best supported by the strong correlation between nonylphenol concentration and salinity in water samples.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 2004

A method is described for the analysis of short-chain alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs), 4-octylphenol-di-ethoxylate (OP2EO) and 4-nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate (NP2EO), in drinking water or wastewater using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The solvent system was water and methanol containing $10{\mu}M$ trifluoroacetic acid as an ionization solvent. We acidified 1 L of water samples to less than pH 2 with concentrated $H_2SO_4$ and loaded onto Sep-Pak $C_{18}$, and eluted with acetone. The calibration of OP2EO and NP2EO was performed for the concentration range from 20 to 500 ng/L and the correlation coefficients were 0.999 and 0.990, respectively. The limits of detection were 20 ng/L (OP2EO) and 50 ng/L (NP2EO) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Accuracy and precision of this analytical method were 85.8 ~ 122.1% and 8.2 ~ 18.8%, respectively. The proposed method allowed a sensitive and rapid detection of OP2EO and NP2EO and it could be applied for monitoring of APEOs from environmental samples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.697-703
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• 2006

Endocrine disruptors were measured with GC/MS in effluents discharged from sewage treatment processes in pilot scale for the purpose of water reuse. From that analysis, we compared the removal rate of them by treatment processes. Nonylphenol was mainly detected in effluents and high concentration from 0.36 to 0.94 ${\mu}g/L$. $17{\beta}$-estradiol(E2) and $17{\alpha}$-ethynylestradiol(EE2) were detected as below the limit of detection in effluent. Endocrine disruptors were removed effectively in the range from 50 to 100% by treatment process. EC50 value($9.0{\times}10^{-3}$ M) of $17{\beta}$-estradiol(E2) by dose response curve of E-screen assay has higher than that of bisphenol A($2.736{\times}10^{-5}M$) and p-octylphenol($9.760{\times}10^{-6}$ M). These results showed that alkylphenols have lower relative estrogen potency than other estrogens such as $17{\beta}$-estradiol(E2). Calculated estrogenic activity(ng-EEQ/L) was 2 times higher than measured total estrogenic activity which estimated by E-screen assay. Moreover estrogenic activity of effluent by treatment process showed very low as below 1 ng-EEQ/L.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2011

Transforming growth factor ${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) is involved in cellular processes including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and homeostasis. Generally, TGF-${\beta}$ is the inhibitor of cell cycle progression and plays a role in enhancing the antagonistic effects of many growth factors. Unlike the antiproliferative effect of TGF-${\beta}$, E2, an endogeneous estrogen, is stimulating cell proliferation in the estrogen-dependent organs, which are mediated via the estrogen receptors, $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$, and may be considered as a critical risk factor in tumorigenesis of hormone-responsive cancers. Previous researches reported the cross-talk between estrogen/$ER{\alpha}$ and TGF-${\beta}$ pathway. Especially, based on the E2-mediated inhibition of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling, we examined the inhibition effect of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP), which are well known xenoestrogens in endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), on TGF-${\beta}$ signaling via semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The treatment of E2, OP, or NP resulted in the downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ receptor2 (TGF-${\beta}$ R2) in TGF-${\beta}$ signaling pathway. However, the expression level of TGF-${\beta}1$ and TGF-${\beta}$ receptor1 (TGF-${\beta}$ R1) genes was not altered. On the other hand, E2, OP, or NP upregulated the expression of a cell-cycle regulating gene, c-myc, which is a oncogene and a downstream target gene of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling pathway. As a result of downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ R2 and the upregulation of c-myc, E2, OP, or NP increased cell proliferation of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that E2 and these two EDCs may mediate cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting TGF-${\beta}$ signaling via the downregulation of TGF-${\beta}$ R2 and the upregulation of c-myc oncogene. In addition, it can be inferred that these EDCs have the possibility of tumorigenesis in estrogen-responsive organs by certainly representing estrogenic effect in inhibiting TGF-${\beta}$ signaling.