• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2017

This study investigated the prevalence of scoliosis among undergraduate students who were in early adulthood, and to examine its relationship with body mass index (BMI), which has been associated with scoliosis in previous studies. A descriptive survey of 158 students of universities based in Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, and Gyeonggi Province was conducted. A structured questionnaire comprising items pertaining to general features, postural features, and BMI was used, and the angle of the trunk rotation (ATR) was measured directly with a scoliometer to assess the spinal angle. Participants with an ATR of greater than $6^{\circ}$ were classified into the scoliosis group. Data were collected for three weeks from November 7, 2014. Scoliosis and BMI were analyzed for their frequencies and percentages, and their relationships were analyzed using the ${\chi}^2$-test and Logistic regression. Overall, 114 (72.2%) participants had an ATR of smaller than $5^{\circ}$, while 44 (27.8%) had an ATR of greater than $6^{\circ}$. After excluding the confounding variables, the overweight group was 2.63 times more likely than the normal BMI group to have an ATR of greater than $6^{\circ}$ which was statistically significant. However, the underweight group was 0.24 times less likely than the normal BMI group to have an ATR of greater than $6^{\circ}$, but this difference was not statistically significant. Although early examination and management of scoliosis in South Korea is generally performed on children and adolescents, the high prevalence of scoliosis among university students found in this study calls for aggressive early examination and management for this age group as well.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.141-154
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose is to provide basic information for establishing improvements on performance-based pay's evaluation method of health teachers. Methods: For subjects, 200 teachers at public elementary schools and 200 health teachers at public elementary schools in Gyeonggi-do were conveniently sampled, and then surveyed through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was to recognize recognition of teachers working under the teacher's performance-based pay system, which was quoted in the questionnaire of Choi ji-hye (2005) and Lee mi-gyeong (2008). Inquiry for the recognition of teachers on evaluation of health teacher's performance-based pay system and improvements on the performance-based pay's evaluation method of health teachers were used after consultation with five incumbent health teachers and a review with the thesis director. Results: The performance-based pay's evaluation method of health teachers has the same method with general teachers in schools, so it is not fair to evaluate the performance of health teachers. The ways to improve the performance-based pay evaluation method of health teachers is as follows: first, the approval on improving 'the number of class hours' which is a detailed item of a teacher's performance evaluation criterion to 'the number of health lesson hours per week and the number of students visiting the school infirmary per week'; second, improving 'life guidance' into 'counseling results of medically-treated students, parents of students and personal hygiene guidance'; third, improving 'a teacher in charge' into 'awarding of points by being recognized as a health teacher in charge of all students and considering the economic situation of the region,; forth, improving 'difficulty of position' into 'the number of health-teacher's annual promotion task items and the treatment number of issuing and receiving of official documents', and improving the 'task difficulty' into 'importance and urgency of emergency patient management, risk level and urgency of infectious diseases and avoiding work in charge' appeared to be more than 90% respectively. Conclusion: The performance-based pay system of teachers being carried out every year should be executed by preparing fair evaluation criteria suitable for task properties and the role of health teachers with different evaluation criteria compared to general teachers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.336-344
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the self-awareness of smartphone dependence among undergraduate students and their response to the same. The data was drawn from a survey on smartphone overdependence conducted by the Ministry of Science and information and communications technology (ICT) and the National Information Society Agency in 2017. The responses of 1,735 undergraduate students were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, minimum-maximum value, ��2-test, independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that 22.3% of participants were at risk of smartphone dependence, and 63.6% of them were unaware of their dependence on smartphones. The perception of smartphone dependence was significantly associated with a higher risk of smartphone dependence (��=.35, p=.000) and the increasing use of applications such as games (��=.19, p=.000), television/video (��=.11, p=.000), and learning (��=.11, p=.000). Of the participants with dependence awareness, only a few knew about the existence of centers to prevent smartphone and internet dependence. Moreover, they rarely utilized these centers. However, the participants felt the need for more counseling agencies (26.8%), programs for dealing with oneself (23.2%), information about smartphone dependence (14.9%), and help to overcome dependence (10.9%). These findings show the need to establish public services so that students can easily access correct information on smartphone dependence and address this problem.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to factor analyze the 25-item Personal Resource Question-naire (PRQ)-Part II, a social support measure, and to establish construct validity for the instrument among adolescents by relationship found between perceived social support and the theoretically relevant variables of attachment, parent-child relationships, and coping, The sample was consisted of 451 college students, aged 18 to 24. According to the criteria used in this study a four-factor structure, which consisted of 15-items, resulting from a principal components analysis with an oblique rotation, best represented the multidimensionality of the PRQ-Part II of late adolescents in Korea. Evidence in support of construct validity for both the 15-item and 25-item PRQPart II was provided by statistically significant correlations found between the two scales and the theoretically relevant variable of attachment, parent-child relationships, and coping. With the findings of this study, the 15-item Korean version of the PRQ-Part II can be used in research and practice as a reliable and valid instrument measuring perceived social support for late adolescents in Korea.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.68-82
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• 1989

This study was a quasi-experimental research study to test the characteristics of temperature regulation according to sponge bath methods of cold application. Thirteen volunteers were selected from among nursing college students according to an established criteria using a purposive sampling technique. Four different cold application methods were used: $\circled1$ tepid water sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled2$ 20% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled3$ 40% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$ and $\circled4$ tepid water sponge bath at 28$^{\circ}$C plus an ice bag to the head. Changes in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, heat content change and thermal discomfort during the cold application were measured at 5 minute intervals over a 120 minute period. The data collection period was from Dec. 20, 1988 to Feb. 3, 1989. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple regression, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test and Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS-X Program. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Five general hypothesis were tested. Hypothesis 1 that "Change in heat content will be decreased for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected. (tepid water sponge bath: after 10 minutes of cold application, 20% alcohol sponge bath: after 25 minutes of cold application: 40% alcohol sponge bath: after 45 minutes of cold application, tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head: after 80 minutes of cold application) Hypothesis 2 that "Thermal discomfort will be changed for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected after 5minutes of cold application. Hypothesis 3 that "Change in heat content will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted except 0~5, 0~10, 0~65, 0~105 and 0~120 minute. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 4 that "Thermal discomfort will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted at 15, 20, 35, 45, 75, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115 and 120 minute of cold application time. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 5 that "The higher the change in heat content, the higher the thermal discomfort during the cold application time" was accepted for between 10~60 and 75 minute of cold application. In conclusion, this study showed that in sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, 10~80 minute was a effective cold application time in the view of heat loss through the skin. Concerning the effects of evaporation and thermal discomfort, it was found that there was no difference with regard to the solutions; tepid water sponge bath; 20% alcohol sponge bath or 40% alcohol sponge bath at a $28^{\circ}C$ controlled solution temperature. So it was thought that the type of solution itself did not have a big influence on the heat loss through skin. The combined effect of sponge bath with an ice bag to the head showed a significant difference and also showed a slight increase in thermal discomfort. On the basis of this research it can be concluded that cold application, for example, an ice bag to the head during a tepid water sponge bath is a good method as it increase heat loss through conduction, although fit can also cause a slight increase in thermal discomfort. The correlation between changes in heat content and thermal discomfort were not high. So factors other than change in heat content are considered to have an effect on the cognition of thermal discomfort.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2005

Objective : This study was to vertify the effect of Semen Sinapsis Albae Pressing at Sanyinjiao(SP6), Umnungchon(SP9) and Shinnsu(B23) on dysmenorrhea of Women's University Students. This study was an one group pretest-posttest experimental design. Methods : The subjects were 50 patients who was suffering for dysmenorrhea visited to D University Health center located in B city, from January to May, 2004. They had agreed to take part in this experiment, with didn't take any anodyne drugs. Results : The results of the study are as follows 1. Hypothesis 1 that "Semen Sinapsis Albae pressing in SP6, SP9 and B23 is decreased dysmenorrhea" is adapted(t=12.777, p=0.000). 2. Semen Sinapsis Albae pressing is more fast manifested in alleviation of pain, longer in duration of alleviation of pain, and had a less dysmenorrhea than anodyne drugs. Semen Sinapsis Albae pressing is probably more effective than who are dosed anodyne instead of pressing.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.502-517
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• 1998

This research intends to survey family environment, health behavior and health status of the students in urban-rural elementary schools and analyze those factors comparatively, and use the result as basic material for school health teacher to teach health education in connection with family and regional areas. It also intends to improve a pupil's self-abilitiy in health care. The subjects involve 2,774 students of urban elementary schools and 583 student in rural ones, who were selected by means of a multi -stage probability sampling. Using the questionnaire and school documents, we collected data on family environment, health behavior and health status for 19 days. Feb. 2nd 1998 through Feb. 20th 1998. The R -form of Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974) was used in the analysis of family environment(Cronbach's Alpha =0.80). Questionnaires of Health Behavior in School-aged children used by the WHO in Europe(Aaro et al., 1986) and the ones developed by the Health Promotion Committee of the Western Pacific(WHO, 1995)(adapted by long Young-suk and Moon Young-hee(1996)) were used in the analysis of health behavior, as well documents on absences due to sickness, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, height, weight and degree of obesity were used to determine health status. In next step, We used them with an $X^2$-test, t-test, Odds Ratio, and a 95% Confidence Interval. 1. In two dimensions of three, family-relationship (t=3.41, p=0.001) and system -maintenances(t= 2.41, p=0.0l6) the mean score of urban children were significantly higher than those of rural ones. In the personal development dimension however, there was little significant difference. Assorting family environment into 10 sub-fields and analyzing them, we recognized that urban children were superior to rural children in the sub-fields of expressiveness (t =3.47, p=0.001), conflict (t=0.48, p=0.001), active-recreational orientation (t = 1.97, p=0.049) and organization (t=4.33, p=0.000). 2. Referring to the Odds Ratios of urban-rural children's health behaviors, urban children set up more desirable behavior than rural children wear ing safety belts (Odds Ratio =0.32, p=0.000), washing hands after meals(Odds Ratio = 0.43, p= 0.000), washing hands after excreting (Odds Ratio = 0.39, p=O.OOO), washing hands after coming - home ( Odds Ratio = 0.75, p = 0.003), brushing teeth before sleeping(Odds Ratio =0.45, p=0.000), brushing teeth more than once a day (Odds Ratio =0.73, p=0.0l2), drinking boiled water (Odds Ratio = 0.49, p=0.000), collecting garbage at home(Odds Ratio=0.31, p=0.000) and in the school(Odds Ratio =0. 67, p=0.000). All these led to significant differences. As to taking milk(Odds Ratio = 1.50, p=0.000), taking care of eyesight(Odds Ratio=1.41, p=0.001) and getting physical exercise in(Odds Ratio = 1.33, p=0.0l9) and outside the school(Odds Ratio = 1.32, p=0.005), rural children had more desirable behavior which also revealed a significant difference. There was little significant difference in smoking, but the smoking rate of rural children(5.5%) was larger than that of urban children(3.9%). 3. Health status was analyzed in terms of absences, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, and the degree of obesity, height and weight. Considering Odds Ratios of the health status of urban-rural children, the health status of rural children was significantly better than that of the urban ones in the level of physical strength(t=1.51, p=0.000) and the degree of obesity(t=1.84, p=0.000). The mean height of urban children ($150.4{\pm}7.5cm$) is taller than that of their counterparts($149.5{\pm}7.9$), which revealed a significant difference (t =2.47, p=0.0l4). The mean weight of urban children($42.9{\pm}8.6kg$) is larger than that of their counterparts($41.8{\pm}9.0kg$), which was also a significant difference(t=2.81, p=0.005). Considering the results above, we can recognize that there are significant differences in family environment, health behavior, and health status in urban-rural children. These results also suggestion ideas for health education. What we would suggest for the health program of elementary schools is that school health teachers should play an active role in promoting the need and importance of health education, develop the appropriate programs which correspond to the regional characteristics, and incorporate them into schools to improve children's ability to manage their own health management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.176-192
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• 1991

School nurses, in service of 102 special schools in Korea, were urveyed by mail questionnaires from February to March, 1991 and 77 of hem responded. Collected data were analyzed to establish the direction of health management in special school and to provide basic reference data for improving the quality of the management of school-nurses' services. The major findings are as follows: Out of special schools surveyed, 67.5% is private school and 83.2% is located in city. The average number of classes, students, and educational personnels per special school is 17.2, 194, and 28 respectively. The average age of school-nurses surveyed is 32.7. The proportion of graduates from the junior college and upward was 97.4%, the proportion of the married was 71.4%. Out of respondents, 71.4% has religion : 79.2% has past career in the fields of clinics or public health: 62.3% accompanishes independent services: 77.9% belongs to primary school. About 69% of nursing room in special schools surveyed is located at the first floor. Out of special school surveyed, 90.9% has no organization for school health programms: Only 18.2% entrusted everyone of school doctor, school dentist, and school pharmacists with school health. 46.8% of respondents didn't know about the annual budget for school health programmes. The average annual expenditure for school health programme per special school was 317,000F26. won and the purchase cost for medical supplies accounted for the larger part of them. The monthly average number of students utilizing school nursing room was 71 per school, annual utilization times of school nursing room was 4.4 per student and utilization due to injury was prevalent by 26.6% and there is some differences in using the school nursing room according to disabled area. Rate of referral to medical facilities was 1.4%. The leading reason of referral to medical facilities was high fever among those who have visual handicaps, fracture among those who have emotional disturbance, injury by trauma among others. Nine hundred fifty six students of students in special school surveyed have sufferd from epilepsy and prevalence rate of epilepsy was 6.4%. Only 22.6% of respondents replied that they had physical examination more than 2 times per year. Out of respnodents, 98.7% answered that they had health education and 67.1% of them ansered that they educated in a classroom, 98.7% of respondents emphasized need of sex education. Respondents put the most emphasis on the personal hygiene when they performed health education and they used broadcasting education in the area of visual handicaps, OHP or VTR in hearing handicaps, home correspondence or OHP VTR in other area importantly. About 47% of repondents answered that health education was the most difficult and they emphasized that definite guide on health management was requested. Respondents had self-confidence and high perfomance rate in most of school-nurses' services completely, but so they was not in area of evaluation of school health programmes, an examination of physical strength, evaluation of health education, management of school purification area, suture of wounds. In consideration of above findings, we may conclude that special education for school-nurse in special schools as well as improvement of definite guiding principles are requested to establish direction for health management in special schools and to improve the degree of quality for school-nurses' sevices in special schools.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate that the mediating effect of interpersonal support in college students. Data were collected from the college located in G province, Korea from April, 1th to May 2th 2017. Data were analyzed by pearson correlation coefficients, and regression method of Baron & Kenny of SPSS 26.0 program, and Sobel test of Amos 16.0 program. The result were as follows; 1) The mean scores were college adaptation 5.30(.75), smartphone addiction 2.30(.48), interpersonal support 4.53(.75). 2) The college adaptation showed negative correlation with smartphone addiction(r=.328, p<.001) and positive correlation with interpersonal support(r=.490, p<.001) significantly. Interpersonal support showed significant negative correlation with smartphone addiction(r=-034, p=.04). 3) Interpersonal support had partial mediating effect(Z=2.16, p=.03) in the relationship between college adaptation and smartphone addiction. Baron & Kenny's three-step test showed that college adaptation(${\beta}=-.37$, p<.000) and interpersonal support (${\beta}=.30$, p=.15) were significant predictor variables for the smartphone addiction. Based on the results of this study, college program which is reinforce interpersonal support need to be applied and for the successful college adaptation and beneficial use of smartphone.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.664-675
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the duties and tasks of pre-service health education teacher in elementary school using DACUM method. DACUM workshop was conducted for the fourth year nursing students located in J province who completed a health teacher teaching course and performed practical training course in elementary school. By carrying out DACUM workshop duties, tasks, task-specific importance, difficulty and frequency were analyzed, and were derived with the knowledges, skills, attitudes, tools, and future prospects on job requirements and characteristics. The derived job analysis information was verified the content validity from 6 field experts in school and 2 professors of education. Based on the result, DACUM chart was developed. DACUM chart was consisted of 6 duties and 24 tasks, knowledges, skills, and attitudes for job performance were derived. The result of study showed that health care in elementary pre-school health education teacher practicum was listed as the most important duty. Teaching and writing skills were presented to practice basically. Because the importance and role of the health teachers in school are considered necessary, it is considered to increase institutional support for the development of health education program and the improvement of educational environment.