• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.143-148
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• 2002

Residential indoor space is a major living setting for young children where multi-dimension at development can be expected through the interaction with items and components of the environment. The physical environment and attributes have been, however, relatively ignored. Especially during last several decades of housing development, residential units have been produced without accurate understanding of residents' material possession. To better design living environments, especially, a life setting for children, this research focused on finding out the characteristics of living items which belong to and are used by children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.235-248
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to search for new food labeling system that would support effective consumer decision-making, by examining consumer behavior of food labels and its' related factors. The survey was conducted on 410 housewives under 60-year-old who live in Seoul or Metropolitan area, using questionnaires and the illustrated material of labels. Respondents generally considered food labels very important as devices. Among 12 items of label which are required to disclose, they evaluated circulation period, and nutritional information. Among 12 items of label, housewives read manufacture date, circulation period, and price more often than business admission number and self standard number. The respondents preferred the format of marking both manufacture date and expiration date on the same side, the format of printing both price and weight on the same side of package, the diagramatic type, and the format represented by ration graph per daily value.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.25 no.4 s.215
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• pp.359-363
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• 1987

72559 children, who visited the Dept. of Pedodontics, SNU Hospital from 1982 to 1985 were surveyed on the yearly tendency of dental treatment. The data were compared with those of previous reports, and the results were as follows, 1. The number out-patients were decreasing year by year. 2. Compared with those of 1982, in 1985, total number of visiting patient decreased to 14%, amalgam filling, 73.8% vital pulpotomy ; 69.55%, gold inlays ; 42.57%, Space maintainer ; 69.55%, tooth extraction ; 63.99% on the other hand, some items increased such as pulp extirpation ; 192%, canal filling ; 290%, 3. There revealed overall increasing tendency in almost all treatment items except Gold Inlay7s in from 1982 to 1985, compared with those from 1976 to 1979.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2008

This paper studies a joint EOQ and EPQ model in which a stationary demand can be satisfied by recycled products as well as newly purchased products. The model assumes that a fixed quantity of the used products are collected from customers and later recovered for reuse. The recovered products are regarded as perfectly new ones. We also assume that the number of orders for newly purchasing items and the number of recovery setups in a cycle can be mutually independent integers. Under these assumptions, we develop an optimization model obtaining the economic order quantity for newly procured products, the optimal lot size for the recovery process, and the sequence of the orders and the setups, simultaneously. And then a simple solution procedure to find a local optimal control parameter set is proposed. To validate the model and the solution procedure, finally, some computational experiments are presented.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.152-170
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problems that the adolescents have experienced and to assess the demands of counseling about the experienced problems. The design of this study was descriptive-survery study. The sample size was 601 middle and high school students. Data analysis was done by frequencies. Percent. t -test. ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficiency, stepwise regression and Cronbach's $\alpha$ Score was produced for the reliability of the tool by using the item analysis method. The results was as follows : 1. The distribution of the each item that the adolescents experienced according to the physical, psychalogical. Sexual and Socio-cultural problem Categories was examined. In the physical problem category, the number of items that half and more than half of the adolescents experienced of often or frequently were 10 among all 19 items. In the psychological problem category. 13 item were among all 19 items. In the sexual problem category, 1 item among all 17 items and in the socio-cultural problem category, 10 items were among all 30 items. 2. The distribution of the each items that the adolescents wanted to the counseling according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories was examined. In the physical problem category, the numbers of the items that half and more than half of the adolescents wanted counseling were 1 among all 19 items. In the psychological problem category, the numbers of the items that half and more than half of the adolescents wanted counseling were 2 items among all 19 items. In the sexual problem category, 0 item among all 17 items and in the socio-cultural problem category, 2 items were among all 30 items. 3. In the comparison of the female student and male student about the experienced problems and the demands of counseling according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories. There was a significant difference statistically in all categories between groups(P<.001) 4. In the comparison of high school students and middle school students about the demands of counseling according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories(P<.001). Particulary, grade II of high school students have experienced problems according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories. There was a significant difference statistically in all categories(P<.001). 5. In the correlation between the experienced problem and the demands of counseling according to 4 categories. there was the positive correlation at P<.001 level. 6. The less the satisfaction for family and school life. the more experienced problems according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories. There was a significant difference statistically in all categories(P<.001).

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.93-113
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• 1997

In studying an EOQ-like inventory model for a manufacturing process, a number of findings were made. The system can "go out of control" resulting in a relatively minor problem state or "break-down". When the production system is in the minor problem statei produces a number of defective items. It is assumed that each defective piece requires rework cost and related operations. Once the machine breakdown takes place, the production system produces severely defective items that are completely unusable. Each completely unusuable item is immediately discarded and incurs handling cost, scrapped raw material cost and related operations. Two investment options in improving the production process are introduced : (1) reducing the probability of machine breakdown, breakdowns, and (2) simultaneously reducing the probability of machine breakdowns and setup costs. By assuming specific forms of investment cost function, the optimal investment policies are obtained explicitly. Finally, to better understand the model in this paper, the sensitivity of these solutions to changes in parameter values and numerical examples are provided.amples are provided.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.21 no.48
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• pp.15-23
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• 1998

This paper concerns the problem of determining the spare inventory level for multi-echelon repairable-item inventory system with finite number of operating items. We consider the system which has several bases and a central depot. When an item fails, it is dispatched to a repair facility and, a spare, if available, is plugged in immediately. When the failed item is repaired, it is sent to the base and either is used to fill a backorder or is stored at a spare inventory point. Using queueing network, we develop an algorithm to find the spare inventory level which minimizes the total expected cost and, simultaneously, satisfies a specified minimum fill rate. The results of the algorithm clearly indicate that the algorithm successfully generate output with optimal solution.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-68
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• 2009

In this paper, we address a problem for minimizing the number of items inspected in a back-light-unit (BLU) inspection system, which includes a K-stage inspection system, a source inspection shop, and a re-inspection shop. In order to formulate our objective, we make a steady-state flow analysis between nodes (or shops), and derive the steady-state amount of flows between nodes and defective rates by solving a nonlinear balance equation. We provide an enumeration method for determining an optimal value of K which minimizes the number of items inspected. Our methodology could be applied and extended to similar situations with slight modification.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.345-359
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to correlation between the index of dental caries in primary teeth and the habits of diet and snack which are expected to influence on the index. The subjects of this study were 165 parents of the children who visited a pediatric dental hospital located in Gyeong-gi do from Jun. 15th to Sep. 26th, 2009, and the self-report questionnaire survey was performed. Methods : A questionnaire used in a previous study was revised and completed for this study and it consisted of 15 items on general characteristic, nine items on dietary habit, and five items on snack intake habit. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS program and findings are as follows Results : 1. The index of dental caries in primary teeth by ages was that children of four years old has 4~5 with 27.5%, children of five years old has 2~3 and 4~5 with 33.3% and children of six years old has 1 and 8~9 with 25.6%, showing a statistically significant(${\chi}^2$=37.72, p<.01). 2. The frequency of brushing teeth was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=61.20, p<.001). 3. The frequency of taking snack was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=51.42, p<.001). 4. The desirability of dietary habit was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=36.51, p<.001). 5. The frequency of taking biscuit was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=67.74, p<.001). 6. The frequency of taking bread was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=29.63, p<.01). 7. The frequency of taking caramel and candy was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=38.85, p<.001). 8. The frequency of taking soft drinks was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=52.92, p<.001). 9. The frequency of taking ice-creams was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=75.07, p<.001). Conclusions : Those findings show that the children with undesirable dietary habit and higher frequency of taking snack have higher index of dental caries in primary teeth, therefore, it is considered that the regular brushing teeth and establishment of desirable dietary habit are very important for keeping health oral cavity. It is recommended that the continuous concern and repeated learning are needed in house and group of rearing infants so that the children take foods of fruits which have function of self-purification than the food of carbohydrates which has high adhesion and level of sweetness.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.65-75
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• 2018

Purpose - The exhibition is one of the critical distribution channels that leads to mass sales of products. Servicescape is considered as an effective means facilitating consumers' purchasing behavior. The objective of this research is to examine the effects of servicescape of the exhibition on consumer's purchasing behavior measured by time spent, the number of consultations, the number of items purchased, and amount of money spent. Research design, data, and methodology - Servicescape was divided into four main components: 'spatial layout/functionality', 'ambient condition', 'design/artifacts', and 'human factor'. Based on previous studies, this study hypothesized that servicescape dimensions first influence consumer's shopping duration and the number of consultations which in turn, affects consumer's actual purchase. A total of 407 samples were collected from attendees in Baby Expo taken place in Kyunggido, South Korea. The data were used to assess overall fit of the proposed model and test hypotheses using structural equation modeling. All the constructs had acceptable levels of composite reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. Results - The results showed that except for 'spatial layout/functionality', all components of servicescape had a significant influence on consumer's shopping duration in the exhibition. Except for 'design/artifacts', other factors of servicescape did not show a significant effect on 'the number of consultations'. Interestingly, 'design/artifacts' exerted a significant negative effect on 'the number of consultations'. As expected, 'time spent' and 'number of consultations' showed significant effects on both 'the number of items purchased' and 'amount of money spent'. Conclusions - The results offer some insights into the effect of servicescape on facilitating consumers' purchasing behavior in the context of the exhibition. Theoretically, this study provides a new type of conceptual framework that verifies the relationships between not only servicescape and purchasing behavior, but also purchasing behavior-related variables. In addition, this study supports the concept of a dark side of servicescape. With regards to practical implications, this study suggests that exhibition organizers should put more efforts in facilitating consumer's desire to stay. More importantly, organizers need to keep in mind that excessive emphasis on 'design/artifacts' to increase consumers' shopping duration can cause a side effect that reduces opportunities for interactions with customers.