• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.279-283
• /
• 2011

염증의 중요한 분자학적 기전에는 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)에 의한 prostaglandins (PGs) 생성과 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)에 의한 nitric oxide (NO) 생성이 있다. 많은 종류의 박테리아나 바이러스가 전사요소인 nuclear factor-${\kappa}$B(NF-${\kappa}$B)를 활성화시켜 여러 타깃 유전자의 발현을 조절해 PGs나 NO와 같은 염증물질을 유도하게 된다. 우리는 이번 실험을 통하여 phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)가 toll-like receptor(TLR) agonists에 의해 유도된 NF-${\kappa}$B활성과 COX-2, iNOS 발현에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아 보았다. PEITC는 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)와 polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C])에 의해 유도된 NF-${\kappa}$B활성을 억제시켰다. 또한 PEITC는 LPS와 Poly[I:C]에 의해 유도된 iNOS의 발현도 억제시켰다. 하지만 PEITC는 TLR agonists들인 LPS, Poly[I:C], 2 kDa macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2), oligodeoxynucleotide 1668 (ODN1668)에 의한 COX-2 발현은 억제시키지 못하였다. 즉 PEITC가 TRIF-dependent 신호전달체계만을 조절하여 TRIF-dependent 신호전달체계에 의해 조절되는 iNOS는 억제하지만 MyD88-dependent 신호전달 체계에 의해 조절되는 COX-2는 억제하지 못한다는 것을 설명해준다. 이러한 결과는 iNOS와 COX-2가 서로 다른 메커니즘에 의해 조절된다는 것을 암시하며, PEITC가 여러 병원균들로부터 유도되는 염증반응이나 만성적인 질병들을 조절할 수 있음을 제시하는 중요한 결과이다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.42-50
• /
• 2020

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid messenger mediated by G protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). It is involved in the pathogenesis of certain chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In addition, it controls the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Recent research has demonstrated the close relationship between periodontitis and various diseases in the human body. However, the precise role of LPA in the development of periodontitis has not been studied. We identified that LPAR1 was highly expressed in human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). In periodontitis-mimicking conditions with Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) treatment, PDLSCs exhibited a considerable reduction in the cellular viability and osteogenic differentiation potential, in addition to an increase in the inflammatory responses including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β expression and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. Of the various LPAR antagonists, pre-treatment with AM095, an LPAR1 inhibitor, showed a positive effect on the restoration of cellular viability and osteogenic differentiation, accompanied by a decrease in NF-κB signaling, and action against Pg-LPS. These findings suggest that the modulation of LPAR1 activity will assist in checking the progression of periodontitis and in its treatment.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2015

Objectives : Portulaca oleracea (PO) have been used as a traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases in Korea. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of PO ethanol extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation is not well-known. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the anti-inflammatory effect of PO on LPS induced inflammatory.Methods : Identification of PO was conducted by comparison with purified standards by HPLC. To measure out the cytotoxicity of PO, author performed the MTT assay. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of PO, author examined the inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin, (IL)-1β and IL-6) on RAW 264.7 cells. Author also examined molecular mechanisms such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-B (NF-κB) activation by western blot.Results : Three major components (peaks 1, 2, 3) were detected in both varieties and peak 1 was characterized as caffeic acid, peak 2 as p-coumaric acid, and peak 3 as ferulic acid by comparison of chromatographic properties with authentic standards. Extract from PO itself did not have any cytotoxic effect in RAW 264.7 cells. PO inhibited LPS-induced productions of inflammatory mediators such as NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7cells. In addition, PO inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells.Conclusions : Above experiment data can be an important indicator for the identification of PO and this study suggest that treatment of PO could reduce the LPS-induced inflammation. Thereby, PO could be used as a protective agent against inflammation.

• 한방비만학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.10-19
• /
• 2020

Objectives: Oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation has been supposed as a crucial factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective activity against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation of protocatechuic acid (PA), active phenolic compound from Momordica Charantia. Methods: Protective activity of PA from oxidative stress was performed under in vitro conditions. Our study investigated the protective mechanism of PA from neuroinflammation in cellular system using C6 glial cell. To investigate the improvement the effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, we induced oxidative stress by H₂O₂ (100 μM) stimulation and induced neuroinflammation by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 ㎍/mL) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (10 ng/mL) in C6 glial cells. Results: PA showed strong radical scavenging effect against 1,1-dipenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxy radical (·OH) and nitric oxide (NO). Under oxidative stress treated by H₂O₂, the result showed the increased mRNA expressions of oxidative stress markers such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS). However, the treatment of PA led to reduced mRNA expressions of NF-κB, COX-2 and iNOS. Moreover, PA attenuated the production of interleukin-6 and scavenged NO generated by both endotoxin LPS and IFN-γ together. Furthermore, it also reduced LPS and IFN-γ-induced mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results collectively suggest that PA, phenolic compound of Momordica Charantia, could be a safe anti-oxidant and a promising anti-neuroinflammatory molecule for neurodegenerative diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.403-412
• /
• 2020

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a hyperglycemia-induced progressive development of renal insufficiency. Excessive glucose can increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce cell damage, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Our previous study indicated that cilostazol (CTZ) can reduce ROS levels and decelerate DN progression in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. This study investigated the potential mechanisms of CTZ in rats with DN and in high glucose-treated mesangial cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5 mg/kg/day of CTZ after developing STZ-induced diabetes mellitus. Electron microscopy revealed that CTZ reduced the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane and improved mitochondrial morphology in mesangial cells of diabetic kidney. CTZ treatment reduced excessive kidney mitochondrial DNA copy numbers induced by hyperglycemia and interacted with the intrinsic pathway for regulating cell apoptosis as an antiapoptotic mechanism. In high-glucose-treated mesangial cells, CTZ reduced ROS production, altered the apoptotic status, and down-regulated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Base on the results of our previous and current studies, CTZ deceleration of hyperglycemia-induced DN is attributable to ROS reduction and thereby maintenance of the mitochondrial function and reduction in TGF-β and NF-κB levels.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.34-47
• /
• 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to examine anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium water extract (CRE). Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was tested with RAW 264.7 cells. To investigate anti-inflammatory effect of CRE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell, we measured nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). In addition, mitrogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were examined by western blotting in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. Results: In cytotoxicity analysis, CRE does not affect cell cytotoxicity. As compared with the control group, the expression of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 were significantly decreased, and IL-10 was significantly increased in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. As a result of Western blotting, there was concentration-dependent inhibition of pp38, pERK in MAPK pathway and significant reduction of pp65 in the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions: CRE might have anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced macrophages by promoting the production of IL-10.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제54권11호
• /
• pp.557-562
• /
• 2021

Microglial activation is closely associated with neuroinflammatory pathologies. The nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes are highly organized intracellular sensors of neuronal alarm signaling. NLRP3 inflammasomes activate nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce inflammatory responses. Moreover, NLRP3 dysfunction is a common feature of chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the effect of a novel thiazol derivative, N-cyclooctyl-5-methylthiazol-2-amine hydrobromide (KHG26700), on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV-2 microglial cells. KHG26700 significantly attenuated the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, in these cells, as well as the LPS-induced increases in NLRP3, NF-κB, and phospho-IkBα levels. KHG26700 also suppressed the LPS-induced increases in protein levels of autophagy protein 5 (ATG5), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), and beclin-1, as well as downregulating the LPS-enhanced levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of KHG26700 may be due, at least in part, to the regulation of the NLRP3-mediated signaling pathway during microglial activation.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
• /
• 제54권3호
• /
• pp.201-208
• /
• 2022

Neuroinflammation is defined as a neurological inflammation within the brain and the spinal cord. In neuroinflammation, microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, which act as the first line of defense against harmful pathogens. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has an anti-inflammatory effect in many neurological conditions. Additionally, the microRNA-30a-5p (miR-30a-5p) mimic has been proven to be effective in macrophages in inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of both miR-30a-5p and Dex in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. This study showed that miR-30a-5p and Dex decreased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation in LPS-induced BV2 cells. MiR-30a-5p and Dex alleviated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), LPS-induced phosphorylation c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Also, the expression of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1, and ASC was inhibited. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were attenuated by Dex and miR-30a-5p. Our results indicate that a combination of Dex and miR-30a-5p, attenuates NF-κB activation, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and inflammatory mediators involved in LPS-induced inflammation and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-activated BV2 cells.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제58권2호
• /
• pp.152-159
• /
• 2005

연구배경 : COPD의 급성악화는 세균에 의한 감염, 바이러스성 상기도 감염, 대기오염, 기후변화 등에 의하며, COPD의 급성악화 시에 객담 내 호중구의 증가, IL-6와 IL-8 농도의 증가, 그리고 산화질소의 증가는 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성화와 관련된 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러므로 COPD의 병인 및 급성악화의 기전에 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성도와 IL-6, IL-8 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$가 관련이 있는지 연구하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 정상대조군 및 COPD로 입원하였던 환자들의 급성악화기 및 치료 후 회복기에 유도객담에서 IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성화 정도를 측정하여 비교하였다. 결 과 : 1) 유도객담내의 IL-6, IL-8 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$는 COPD 환자에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되었다(p<0.01). IL-8은 급성악화 시에 비해 회복기에 유의하게 감소되었고(p<0.05), IL-6와 $TNF-{\alpha}$는 회복기에도 차이가 없었다. 2) 유도객담 내 대식세포에서의 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성도는 COPD 환자에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가 되었고(p<0.05), 회복기에는 악화 시에 비해 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 결 론 : COPD 환자에서 유도객담 내 IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성도 등이 정상대조군에 비해 증가되었고, 회복기에 IL-8은 감소하였고, $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성도, IL-6 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$는 감소하는 경향을 보여서, COPD의 급성악화 및 COPD의 병인에 $NF-{\kappa}B$가 일부 관여할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The object of this study was to identify the anti-inflammatory effects of Patrinia scabiosaefolia aqueous extract (PSE). Methods: RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with PSE and then incubated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability, production of nitric oxide (NO), secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) were measured. In addition, we observed mice survival rate after LPS and their cytokine levels of serum. We also observed inflammatory and hemorrhagic change on the histological sections of the liver. Results: PSE inhibited LPS-induced NO production, interleukin (IL)-6 secretion, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. In addition, PSE reduced the death rate of LPS-induced mice and IL-6 production on the serum of mice. PSE inhibited inflammation and hemorrhage on liver tissue as well. Conclusions: The results suggest that PSE have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ and JNK activation, IL-6 secretion, and NO production. So PSE may be effective treatment for the inflammatory disease.